Eukaryotic Cells

Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Both have cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA as genetic material, and flagella

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic have nucleoid, cell wall (peptidoglycan), plasmids, and 70S ribosomes; Eukaryotes have nucleus, organelles, histones, and linear DNA

Similarities in flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Used for movement

Differences in flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic flagella is made of the protein flagellin and moves in a circular motion; Eukaryotic flagella is long, has few projections, and moves in a wavelike motion

Similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

Composed of rRNA and proteins and both have small/large subunits

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

Prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S, 30S, and 70S; Eukaryotic ribosomes have large subunit 60S, small subunit 40S, and 80S

Difference in free and bound ribosomes

Free are not attached to anything, found in cytoplasm, and make proteins found inside the cell; Bound ribosomes are attached to the ER and make proteins that either leave the cell or are inserted into the plasma membrane

Difference between smooth and rough ER

Smooth ER makes fats and sterols/detoxification; rough ER has ribosomes on the outside and is responsible for protein modification

Endosymbiotic theory? What evidence supports this theory?

Origin of eukaryotic cells comes from prokaryotic cells; Chloroplast and mitochondria both have 70S ribosomes, similar in size/shape, and have circular DNA. Also go through binary fission and have similar protein synthesis

How antibiotics target bacterial cells while not harming and killing our own cells

Target structures bacteria have that we don’t; For example, penicillin and amoxicillin stop the formation of bacterial cells walls which we don’t have

What structures contain 70S ribosomes?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

What eukaryotic cells have a cell wall and which do not

Plants, fungi, and algae have BUT animal cells and protozoan do not

What structures can be found in plant cells and not animal cells

Chloroplasts

Flagella/cilia

Cellular locomotion

Nucleus

Contains hereditary info

Nucleolus

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Ribosome

Make proteins

Mitochondria

ATP generation

Cytoplasm

Contents between cell and cell membrane

Plasma membrane

Transport

Cell wall/ glycocalyx

Strengthen cell and cell signaling

Endoplasmic reticulum

Protein making/folding

Golgi apparatus

Sorting, shipping proteins, finishing, etc.

Vacuoles

Temporary storage

Lysosomes

Break down various substances

Peroxisomes

Similar to lysosomes

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis site