Health Science Theory Spring Semester Review

Treatment of nosebleeds

- lean the victim forward while pinching the nostrils together

- hold constant pressure for several minutes

- call 911 if the bleeding does not stop in 15 minutes, the bleeding is heavy or gushing, or if the victim has trouble breathing

Treatment of Bleeding: external

Minor Bleed -

1. assess the scene for safety

2. get first aid kit and put on PPE

3. wash the wound well with soap and water

4. stop the bleeding with direct pressure

5. apply a dressing or bandage to the wound

Major Bleed -

1. Above Precautions

2. Stop the bleeding with direct pressure

3. If bleeding does not stop, apply a second dressing over the first and continue pressure

4. Elevate wound above level of heart (if possible)

5. Call 911 and stay with the victim

6. Check for signs of shock and treat these, if present

Amputation

1. Stop bleeding with direct pressure and check for signs of shock

2. Accompany the victim until medical professionals arrive

3. Care for the amputated part in hopes that it may be re-attatched

- Do this by rinsing the part with clean water, covering or wrap the amputated part with a clean dressing, placing the part in a water-tight bag, placing the plastic bag on ice (NEVER EXPOSE PART DIRECTLY TO ICE), and label with victim's name and info to send to hospital with victim

Broken Bones

-do not move injured part

-cover any open wound with clean dressing

- put an ice pack on the injured area with a towel separating the two for up to 20 minutes

- raise the injured body part if it does not cause pain

Knocked out tooth

- rinse the knocked out tooth in water and put it in a cup of milk

- apply pressure to empty tooth socket with gauze to stop bleeding

- immediately take the victim and the tooth to a dentist or emergency room

Frostbite

- Move victim tp a warm place

- call 911 and get first aid kit

- remove tight clothing and jewelry from the affected area

- remove all wet clothing

- do not try to thaw the frozen part if there is adequate medical help nearby or if there is a significant risk of refreezing

- slowly rewarm the area in lukewarm water if there is no medical help available

Allergic Reactions

Utilize an epi-pen for a severe allergic reaction. If the victim is conscious and able, have them use it; if not, remove the safety cap and plunge the epi-pen into the thigh.

Torso Junctional Wound

Ensure scene safety.

Expose the wound.

Apply direct pressure.

Pack the wound with gauze or clean cloth.

Use hemostatic gauze if available.

Maintain pressure for 3+ minutes.

Secure dressing with bandage if possible.

Treat for shock (lay flat, keep warm).

Call for help / evacuate.

Monitor and reassess.

Why is it important to ask the patient if you can treat them before administering help?

- possibility of legal repercussions in case of any negative occurrence

- respecting patient autonomy and decision

- making sure you have enough information to treat the victim as well

#1 cause of death from trauma

traumatic brain injury

tourniquet use instructions

- used when direct pressure fails to control life-threatening bleeding on a limb.

- place above the wound, ideally 2-3 inches above, between the wound and heart

- secure the tourniquet tightly using a windlass, and removal should be done in a medical setting, preferably within 2 hours, by trained personnel

Signs and Symptoms - Heat Exhaustion

- sweating, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, and faintness

Signs and Symptoms - Heat Stroke

- confusion or strange behavior, vomiting, inability to drink, red hot and dry skin, shallow breathing, seizures, and unresponsiveness

Signs and Symptoms - Heart Attack

- Chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, pain in jaw back neck or arms, sweating nausea and dizziness

Signs and Symptoms - Shock

- low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, pale or bluish skin, confusion, dizziness, sweating, and altered mental state

Signs and Symptoms - Stroke

- sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, dizziness, loss of balance, trouble walking, and a sudden severe headache

Signs and Symptoms - Seizures

- brief periods of staring to severe muscle spasms and loss of consciousness

Signs and Symptoms - Dehydration

- thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, and fatigue

6 examples of synovial joints

- Hinge joint

- Ball-and-socket joint

- Pivot Joint

- Condyloid Joint

- Saddle Joint

- Plane Joint

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Steps of using epi-pen

1. Take off safety cap

2. Place the tip against the middle of the outer thigh

3. Push the auto-injector until there is a click

4. Hold firmly in place for 3 seconds

What to look for when assessing the scene of an accident

Scene safety - is it safe to approach the victim

Number of injured - helpful for 911 dispatch

Nature of injuries - helps prioritize life-threatening injuries

Check for responsiveness of victim - helps determine course of action

Check for any medical identification on the victim - helps adjust your aid to be effective for the victim

Compression Rate for CPR

Adult/Child/Infant -

• 30 compressions in no less than 15 and no more than 18 seconds

• Each breath given over 1 second

• Visible chest rise with each breath

• Gives 2 breaths in less than 10 seconds

Confirmation of breath effectiveness during CPR

the chest must rise when giving breaths, showing that air is effectively entering the lungs

if the first breath does not go into an unresponsive victim, tilt the head to rest position, reposition the head, and try again

Scenario #1 - A choking 10 yr old victim

- check the scene for safety

- check for consciousness

- Ask the victim if they are ok, or need help

- allow the victim to cough naturally instead of hitting their back

- have someone else call 911 - if no one present do so yourself

- if they are coughing weakly or are unable to cough, perform the heimlich maneuver by giving abdominal thrusts

- if the victim is overweight or in a wheelchair give these thrusts to the chest

- keep performing the maneuver until medical professionals arrive or the patient becomes unresponsive

- treat the unresponsive patient with CPR, and when giving breaths, remove any visible objects.

Compact bone

Hard, outer layer of the bone that provides strength and support to the skeleton.

Bone Marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

Joint

Place in the body where two or more bones connect.

Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue found inside the bones. Provides strength while minimizing weight. Produces blood cells.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

4 main causes of allergic reactions

Airborne allergens - pollen, dust, mold spores, etc

Foods - peanuts, shellfish, etc

Insect Stings - bees, wasps, etc

Medications - penicillin, etc

Neurotransmitter - Endorphin

Too little - depression, anxiety

Too much - Elevated mood, feelings of euphorias

Affects - Relieves pain and stress

Signs and Symptoms - Life threatening bleeding

pale and clammy skin, rapid heart rate, confusion, loss of consciousness, weakness

Bulimia nervosa vs Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia

- Disorder where a person consumes a large amount of food, and then induces vomiting to purge the food before it can be absorbed.

Anorexia

- Self Starvation

Diaphysis

The shaft or central part of a long bone

Epiphysis

Enlarged, rounded end of a long bone that connects with other bones to form joints.

Articular cartilage

Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.

Kyphosis

Hunchback

Scoliosis

Condition where the spine develops an abnormal curvature, usually appearing as an "S" when viewed from the back.

Lordosis

Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

Functions of the Skeletal System(5)

Support - Provides a framework for the body

Movement - Bones serve as levers, allowing muscles to pull on them causing movement

Protection - Bones protect vital organs from injury

Blood cell production - Bone marrow within bones produces blood cells

Mineral storage - Bones store essential minerals like calcium

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body's midline

Adduction

Movement of a limb towards the body's midline

Flexion

Decreasing the angle of a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint

Alimentary canal

Long tube of organs that make up a pathway for food to travel through the body. Also known as the digestive tract.

Hydrochloric acid

Major component in gastric acid. Breaks down food, particularly proteins, and kills harmful bacteria.

Pancreatic enzymes

Digestive juices produced by the pancreas to break down food, allowing the body to absorb nutrients and energy.

Saliva

Kickstarts digestion, helps you chew and swallow food, and protects your teeth

Stomach

Aids in the digestion of food through temporary storage, mechanical breakdown, and chemical digestion.

Small intestine

Absorbs nutrients from food and transport them into the blood stream

Large intestine

Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and excreting feces.

Liver

Detoxify blood. It does this by filtering out harmful substances, such as waste products, and breaking them down into harmless compounds that can be excreted through urine and feces.

Ureter

Transports urine from the kidney to the bladder

Kidney

Filters blood, removes waste, and maintains

Bladder

Stores urine

Urethra

Transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Components of the Central Nervous System

- Brain

- Spine

Neurons

Cells that receive and send messages from the body to the brain and back to the body

Axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Dendrite

A neuron's branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary muscle movements and transmits sensory information

- Afferent(Sensory) Neurons: Detect changes in the environment

- Efferent(Motor) Neurons: Make connections with muscle, skin, or glands to control voluntary movement

Parasympathetic nervous system

"Rest and digest"

- Ganglia: Collections of nerve cells located near the organs they innervate

- Preganglionic Neurons: These neurons extend from the central nervous system to the ganglia.

-Preganglionic Neurons: These neurons extend from the ganglia to the target organs, glands, or muscles

Sympathetic nervous system

"Fight or flight"

- Ganglia: Clusters of nerve cell bodies that serve as relay points for sympathetic nerve fibers.

- Preganglionic Nerve Fibers: Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the ganglia.

- Postganglionic Nerve Fibers: Neurons that carry signals from the ganglia to the target tissues.

- Sympathetic Trunk: A chain of ganglia along the spinal cord

Cerebellum

Coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance at equilibrium

Cerebrum

Thought, judgement, memory, problem solving, and language

Hypothalamus

Temperature, appetite, thirst, and the release of hormones

Medulla oblongata

Connects brain to spinal cord. Controls respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure.

Cranial nerves

One of twelve pairs of nerves that pass from the brain, through openings in the skull, to different areas of the head, neck, chest, and abdomen.

Spinal nerves

Branch off of the spinal cord, acting as the main communication link between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Purpose of emotional intelligence

To enhance our ability to understand and manage emotions, both our own and those of others

3 sections of the vertebrae

Cervical: 7 vertebrae(C1 - C7)

Thoracic: 12 vertebrae(T1 - T12)

Lumbar: 5 vertebrae(L1 - L5)

Fascia

Sheath of stringy connective tissue that surrounds every part of your body.

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

Neurotransmitter - Dopamine

Too little - Lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating, mood swings

Too much - Aggression, mood swings, impulsive behavior

Affects - Affects feelings of pleasure, an inhibitor.

Scenario 2 - an unconscious victim gasping for breath

Ensure scene safety.

Check for responsiveness.

Call for help / ask someone to call emergency services.

Check breathing - if only gasping, treat as not breathing.

Start CPR immediately:

30 chest compressions (hard and fast, 2 inches deep, 100-120/min).

Send someone to get an AED (if available).

Use AED as soon as it arrives - follow voice prompts.

Continue CPR until emergency responders take over or the person starts breathing normally.

scenario 3 - adult cpr

Ensure scene safety.

Check for responsiveness (tap and shout).

Call emergency services (911 or local number).

Check breathing and pulse (no more than 10 seconds).

If not breathing or only gasping, start CPR.

Place hands center of chest (lower half of sternum).

Give 30 chest compressions

Depth: at least 2 inches (5 cm)

Rate: 100-120 per minute

Allow full recoil after each compression

Give 2 rescue breaths (if trained):

Tilt head back, lift chin

Pinch nose, give 1-second breath to make chest rise

Repeat cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths.

Use AED as soon as available - follow prompts.

Continue CPR until help arrives or the person shows signs of life.

When to call 911 if alone with an unresponsive child

Call 911 after 2 minutes of CPR if you're alone.

Components of high-quality chest compressions

depth (2 inches)

compression rate (100-120 bpm)

consistency

Standard time to Military time

add 1200

Arabic numbers to Roman Numerals

know them ig i aint doing all that lil bro

Conversion Factors

1 kilogram (kg) = 35 ounces (oz)

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (mL)

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (mL)

1 ounce (oz) = 30 milliliters (mL

)1 cup (c) = 236 milliliters (mL)

1 milliliter (mL) = 15 drops (gtts)

1 liter (L) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cc)

1 inch (in) = 2.54 centimeters (cm)

Durable Power of Attorney

a legal agreement that allows an agent or representative of the patient to act on behalf of the patient

Scope of Practice

a set of regulations and ethical considerations that define the scope, or extent and limits, of the job

Standard of care

Written, accepted levels of emergency care expected by reason of training and profession; written by legal or professional organizations so that patients are not exposed to unreasonable risk or harm.

Medical Malpractice

medical professional misconduct, which differs from negligence because it is intentionally performed by a licensed medical professional

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

Biopharmaceuticals

Substances created using biotechnology

Electronic Health Record

A comprehensive digital record of a patient's health information that can be shared across multiple healthcare providers and organizations.

Electronic Medical Record

A digital version of a patient's medical chart that is maintained within a single healthcare organization.

Good Samaritan Law

This law deals with the rendering of first aid by health care professionals at the scene of an accident or sudden injury. It encourages health care professionals to provide medical care within the scope of their training without fear of being sued for negligence

Telemedicine

Remote consultation by patients with physicians or other health professionals via telephone, closed-circuit television, or the Internet.

Abuse

any care that results in physical harm, pain, or mental anguish

Libel

a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

Slander

the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Neurotransmitter - Glutamate

Too little - Decreased energy levels, trouble concentrating, and insomnia

Too much - Neurotoxicity

Affected - Affects nerve health, mood, and pain perception