DARWIN NOTES

Descent with modification

Species change over time

Spices can change (provide evidence)

Breeding animals

Earth is really old (evidence needed)

Seashells on mountains and earthquakes

Resources doesn’t equal the population

Malthus idea of “point of crisis”- not enough resources for everyone

Species must adapt to environment (evidence needed)

Mammals, skin color

Variation

Each individual showing differences

Heritability

Traits passed down by parents

Reproductive advantage

Only good traits get passed down to next generation

Directional graph

One “extreme” is extremely favored

Diversifying graph

Both “extremes” favored

Stabilizing graph

the middle is favored; between the two extremes

Natural Selection

Refers to organisms that have traits that help them survive and pass genes onto the next generation

Fitness

Refers to the amount of DNA passed to next generation

Sexual selection

is a mode of natural selection where individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates.

Ex: Face shape, lion’s mane, and peacock

Genetic drift

Random loss of individuals

Bottleneck

Lots of death + rebound

Ex: Elephant seals pop. decreases then increases

Founder effect

Small populations leave and start new population else where

Ex: Amish population (heavily inbreed)

Gene flow

Migration of people to other population (increase genes)

Ex: Vikings conquest

Fossil Records

They show how organisms change over time using fossils

Ex: Archaeopteryx fossils

Transitional fossils

They showcase the transition phase between an old and a new

Comparative Biochemistry

Study of similarities and differences in DNA code and Protein that support from relationships between different organisms.

Ex: Humans to chimpanzees

Comparative anatomy

The comparison of anatomical structures in different organisms to understand evolutionary relationships.

Homologous structures

Atomically similar structures from COMMON ancestor

Vestigial structures

LEFT OVER structures that are unused

Ex: Pelvis

Analogous structures

Structures that are used for same purpose, but DIFFERENT ancestor

Compartive embryology

Study of how embryos of different species develop and how they are link to common ancestry

Geographic distribution

Study of how species are spread across different geographical areas and its relation to evolution.