Anatomy test 2 sg

Pathogens

any disease producting microbe

Immunity

the ability to ward off damage/disease through our defenses

Susceptibility

the vulnerability or lack of resistance to damage or disease

Innate immunity

defenses present at birth

Adaptive immunity

the defenses that develop in response to contact with a specific invader

Functions of the lymphatic system

Drain excess interstitial fluid, defend body against disease, absorbs and transports dietary lipids

Flow of lymph through the lymphatic system

Lymphatic capillaries, Lymphatic vessel, (Lymph nodes), lymphatic vessel, lymphatic truns, lymphatic ducts, subclavian vein

How is the lymphatic system and venous system similar

they both use a skeletal muscle pump and a respiratory pump to move through the body

Thymus

T-cells and scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages

Lymph Nodes

Function as a filter and are named after their location

Spleen

Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic Nodule

Tonsils

1st line of defense

Prevent pathogens from getting into the body; skin and mucous membrane, hair and cilia, lacrimal and salivary secretions, flow of urine, vaginal secretions, gastric secretions, diarrhea, and vomiting

2nd line of defence

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, inflammation (redness, pain, heat, swelling) Natural Killer Cells, Fever

Cell-mediated immuinity

T-Cells (Cytoxic T-cells), Works aginst intra cellular pathogens, Viruses, Develop memory cells

AntiBody-mediated Immmunity

B-cells, AntiBodies/Immunoglobulins, works against extracellular pathogens, Bacteria ****4-step process; neutralize, immobilize, agglutinate/precipitate, activate complement, develop memory cells

Naturally acquired active immunity

Exposure to live pathogens and stimulates an immune response WITH the symptoms of a disease

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead virus which stimulates an imune response without symptoms of disease

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Passed through the fetus or breastmilk and is a short-term immunity for babies with no immune response

Artificially Axquired Passive Immunity

Injection of antiserum containing specific antibodies/antitoxin which gives short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response

Upper Respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

Lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

Conducting Portion

interconnected cavities and tubes that will help to filter, warm, and moisten air

Respiratory Portion

The tissue where gas exchange occurs

Function of Respiratory Portion

Allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, helps to regulate blood ph, sense of smell, filters impurities from the air, produces vocal sounds, excretes water and heat

Order of the bronchial tree

trachea, right and left primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, teritary bronchi, interlobular bronchioles, terminal bronchiloes, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli/alveolar sac

Structural changes within the bronchial tree

mucous membranes change from columnar to simple squamous epithelium, macrophages increase, cartilage becomes less and less until there is none, smooth muscle increases

Tidal volume

normal breath in and out

Inspiratory reserve

amount of air inhaled beyond tidal volume

Expiratory

amount of air exhale beyond tidal volume

Residual

amount of air in lungs beyond ERV

Inspiratory capacity

total amount of air that you can inhale

Functional residual

total amount of air that is in the lungs after TV exhalation

Vital Capacity

total amount of air that you can breathe in and out

Total lung capacity

Total amount of air that the lung can hold

Control centers for the respiratory system

Pons and medulla oblongata in the brainstem