Microbio Pearson - Exam 3

What cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway?

Proteins

Based on the animation, which of the following is cleaved by C1?

C2 and C4

Where are the complement proteins found in the body?

The blood serum

Based on the animation, which of the following is responsible for cleaving C3?

C2aC4b

Based on the animation, which of the complement proteins can directly bind to the surface of a bacterial cell?

C3b

A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?

Antibodies

First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?

They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.

Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent

the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.

If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be

a phagocyte.

Phagocytosis is defined as

the ingestion of solid material by a eukaryotic cell.

How is phagocytosis in the immune system different from protozoan phagocytosis?

Protozoan phagocytosis is used for feeding; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to fight infection.

In innate immunity, which of the following is NOT a way that antimicrobial peptides are used?

They stimulate antibody production.

Due to the action of tears, potential pathogens of the eyes and its membranes usually end up where?

the stomach

The skin and the mucous membranes are similar in which of the following aspects?

Both have epithelial cells packed closely together.

Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes?

mouth, nasal cavity, and urinary system

Which of the following is NOT true about toll-like receptors?    

FALSE:  Toll-like receptors are molecules found on the surface of microbes that can initiate immune reactions.    

TRUE: 

Binding of toll-like receptors initiates immune system responses.

Toll-like receptors allow cells in the innate immune system to recognize nonself molecules.

Toll-like receptors bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Which of the following leukocytes is primarily responsible for an immune response against helminths?

eosinophils

If a microbe were capable of preventing a phagosome from fusing with a lysosome, which of the following would occur?

The microbe would survive inside the phagocyte.

All of the following are ways that neutrophils can directly or indirectly kill cells EXCEPT __________.

by forming MACs (MACs, or membrane attack complexes, are used in the complement system)

A differential white blood cell count that shows elevated levels of eosinophils probably indicates which of the following in the patient?

allergies

What would be the likely outcome if a microbe could prevent the activation of C3 in the complement cascade?

Inflammation would be the only outcome of complement activation if C3 activation is blocked.

What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism?

Glycoproteins

The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called

chemotaxis

Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence?

Exocytosis

What is the role of opsonins?

They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader.

What is a phagolysosome?

The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

Cells of the second line of defense called ________ recognize and kill virus-infected cells.

NK cells

The process of phagocytosis involve all of the following EXCEPT

secretion of cytotoxins.

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

monocyte

Which of the following is an iron-binding protein produced by pathogens to access the body's store of iron?

siderophores

What are NOD proteins?

cytoplasmic receptors of microbial molecules

Which of the following acts as a chemotactic factor?

C5a

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus.

Opsonization is

the coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis.