Drug Effects and Toxicity

Define therapeutic effect

• reason why the drug is being used

• ex: to lower BP

Define indications

• what disease state the drug is being used for

Define side effect

• any reaction other than the therapeutic effect

• some can be beneficial

Define adverse effects

• harmful/undesirable reactions

Define contraindications

• conditions or circumstances that make it unsafe or unadvisable to use the drug

Define toxicity

• what happens with HIGH concentrations of the drug

Define allergic effects

• involves immune system and immune responses

• TRUE allergies

  • ex: anaphylaxis

Define idiosyncratic reactions

• strange reactions

• unknown cause

• most are related to genetics

Define fetopathic

• drug that can kill the fetus

Define teratogenic

leads to deformities in the infant

How is a drug filtered, secreted, or reabsorbed?

• filtration: blood to lumen

• reabsorption: lumen to blood

• secretion: blood to lumen

• excretion: lumen to external environment

T/F: lipophilic molecules are reabsorbed

TRUE

T/F: hydrophilic molecules are reabsorbed

FALSE

• STAYS in nephron

T/F: most drugs are lipophilic

TRUE

How does a metabolite differ from a parent drug?

• metabolite

  • waste; filtered thru urine

  • becomes hydrophilic to be excreted

• parent drug

  • lipophilic orginally

What is phase I metabolism?

• enzymes: cytochrome p450s

• catalyzes reactions to make the drug more hydrophilic

What is phase II metabolism?

• enzymes: transferases

• attaches large hydrophilic endogenous substances to phase I metabolites

  • ex: acetyltransferases, sulfatransferases

• almost always eliminated from body

Metabolic processes are also called ______

biotransformations