1800s: Inventions, Religion, Election, Expansion

American Studies Exam part 3

Eli Whitney’s _______ (1793) revolutionized cotton production by cleaning _____ a day instead of one, greatly increasing the demand for _____ labor.

Cotton gin, 50 pounds, enslaved

New England _____ depended on _____ cotton, linking the industrial North and agricultural South in a shared economic system.

Textile mills, southern

Robert Fulton’s _____ (1807) and the _____l (1817–1825) enabled faster _____ of people and goods, connecting major regions and expanding commerce.

Steamboat, Erie Canal, transportation

_____ exploded from 23 to 30,000 miles by 1850, creating a national market and encouraging _____ settlement.

Railroads, westward

Samuel Morse’s ______ (1844) allowed instant long-distance _______, helping unify the expanding republic politically and economically.

Telegraph, communication

The _____ (1790s–1840s) revived widespread religious enthusiasm and emphasized salvation through _______ rather than predestination.

Second Great Awakening, individual choice

Camp meetings like _______ (1801) drew thousands, promoting egalitarian Methodism and Baptism where ordinary people—including women and African Americans—became ________.

Cane Ridge, religious leaders

New movements emerged, _______, _______, Millerites, ___________, and early Mormonism under Joseph Smith, each challenging traditional theology.

Freewill Baptists, Shakers, Seventh-Day Adventists

Preachers such as ________, _______, and ________ empowered common people and expanded the role of women and African Americans in American religious life.

Lorenzo Dow, Richard Allen, Phoebe Palmer

America’s voluntary _______ associations strengthened _______ by promoting community involvement, communication, and moral order.

Religious, democracy

The ________ ended in the “______,” as John Quincy Adams became president despite Andrew Jackson winning more popular and electoral votes.

Election of 1824, Corrupt Bargain

In 1828, Jackson won through mass ____, ______, and appeals to “______”

rallies, barbecues, common people

______ supported tariffs and the agricultural _______ opposed them.

North, South

_______’s election symbolized the rise of _______, portraying him as a frontier hero who would protect white settlers and act aggressively against Native Americans.

Jackson, popular democracy

Americans embraced _______ (1845), believing they were divinely ordained to _______ across the continent for economic growth and national glory.

Manifest Destiny, expand

Westward settlement intensified conflicts with Native Americans and Mexicans, contributing to events like the _______, the Oregon Trail migration, and the _______.

Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War

In the 1849 _______, 100,000 people came to California to seek their fortune and were called ______

California Gold Rush, Forty-Niners

Oregon Trail - a 2,000-mile system of trails and wagon ruts that connected St. Louis _______ to the ______ country, via the Missouri River. 

Missouri, Oregon

Took roughly _______ to travel the ______

6 months, Oregon Trail