CSDS 102: Exam #2

How many cartilages are there in the larynx?

11

What are the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

what are the paired cartilages in the larynx?

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, triticeal

suspended from the hyoid bone by ligaments and membranes

thyroid cartilage

What is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

thyroid

lowest cartilage of the larynx sitting below the thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

attaches anteriorly to the hyoid bone corpus via hypoepiglottic ligament

epiglottis

shaped like pyramids, sit atop the cricoid lamina with bases extending down along the upper edges of the cricoid arch

arytenoid cartilages

sit on top of the arytenoids within the aryepiglottic folds, thus appearing to be continuation of the arytenoid cartilages

corniculate cartilages

located a bit more superior from the corniculate cartilages within the aryepiglottic folds

cuneiform cartilage

small cartilaginous lumps in the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments located between the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage and the greater horns of the hyoid bone

triticeal cartilage

entrance of the larynx, where the airway and digestive tract separate

aditus

opening between the vocal folds

glottis

thick folds of tissue in the larynx that sit above the true vocal folds

"false" vocal folds

the space between the glossoepiglottic folds

valleculae

about 1/3 of the length of the glottis is made up of this tissue, starting from the posterior end, stiff when adducted

cartilaginous

remaining 2/3 of the glottis is made up of this tissue, normal glottal opening and closing occurs in the anterior 2/3 of the glottis

membranous

What attaches to the vocal processes on the arytenoid cartilages

vocal ligaments

project anteriorly toward inside of thyroid laminae, joint between cricoid & arytenoids is freely movable allowing various postures to be achieved by vocal folds

vocal processes

project laterally, points of attachment for several intrinsic muscles

muscular processes

1) to control the length & tension of vocal ligament

2) to control the degree of glottal opening

3) to modify the opening of the laryngeal inlet

functions of intrinsic muscles

1) control the posture of the larynx in relationship to the other head/neck structures

2) assist in swallowing and pharyngeal resonance

2 primary functions of extrinsic muscles

laryngeal intrinsic: cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, vocalis

tension/length

laryngeal intrinsic: posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid

Glottal aperture

laryngeal intrinsic: aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, ventricular

Laryngeal inlet

laryngeal extrinsic: digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hypoglossus

Suprahyoid

laryngeal extrinsic: sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

Infrahyoid

laryngeal extrinsic: palatopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus, inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Indirect displacers

when the vocal folds are open

abduction

when the vocal folds are closed

adduction

adduction or abduction: Coughing or throat clearing to force something out of the respiratory passageway

adduction

process of impounding air in thorax to stabilize the torso for such activities as

abdominal fixation

abduction or adduction: Producing a big sign because you just aced your anatomy & physiology class

abduction

opening & closing of the vocal folds

glottis cycle

true or false: vocal fold closure will be maintained as long as the speaker intents to produce voice, or runs out of air.

true

What drives loudness with voice?

air pressure

true or false: characteristics of closed vocal folds will not drive pitch.

False

subdivided into when vocal folds are moving away from midline due to being blown open from subglottal air pressure (opening phase) and when they are approaching midline (closing phase)

Vocal fold opening

true or false: Opening phase is a function of aerodynamic and muscular action driven

false

a function of myoelasticity and the Bernoulli effect

closing phase

What is the secondary function of opening/closing the glottis?

speech

Opening for inspiration with aperture opened wide for heavy breathing and smaller for quiet breathing Closed slightly for expiration

biologic

there will be a drop in internal pressure of fluid (like air) as its velocity increases

Aerodynamics (bernoulli effect)

natural tendency of muscle and tissue to resist stretching and return to their resting position

Myoelasticity

This principle is concerned with phonatory glottal closing

Myoelastic-aerodynamic principle

What is the primary role when the respiratory system response to a foreign object?

to protect upper airway

What is the secondary role when the respiratory system response to a foreign object?

block escape of pulmonic air (hold our breath, close for exertion) and produce explosive release of air (coughing, throat clearing)

This cavity is the most superior of the larynx, is at the entrance Protection of the cavity is from the aryepiglottic folds (mucosa covering epiglottis to arytenoid cartilages) and epiglottis This cavity proceeds to the inlet to the ventricular (false) vocal folds

vestibular division (superior segment)

A midline cervical structure with multiply articulated cartilaginous skeleton, and covered with various types of epithelium, Primary role is to protect upper airway

larynx

produced by rapid opening & closing of vocal folds

phonation

the number of times the opening/closing cycle of the glottis repeats itself every second

frequency

the faster the frequency =

the higher the pitch

true or false: Pitch is what we perceive (how high, how low)

true

unit of measure for frequency

Hertz (Hz)

What happens when vocal folds are stretched and their mass per unit of length is reduced?

they move faster and have higher pitch

How is vocal fold tension increased?

by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles: cricothyroid & thyroarytenoid

physical parameter reflecting degree of vocal fold movement (how far the vocal folds are blown apart, or the amount of particle displacement)

Amplitude

is unit of measure for amplitude

Decibel (dB)

perception of amplitude or level of dB

Loudness

Is referred to as an external tensor because it increases vocal ligament tension, which causes the pitch of the voice to increase

Pars recta (anterior)

Contraction pulls the thyroid cartilage forward Is referred to as an external tensor because it increases vocal ligament tension, which causes the pitch of the voice to increase

Pars oblique (lateral)

When the pars oblique contracts it pulls the thyroid cartilage forward, further stretching/tensing the vocal ligament

Cricothyroid articulation: gliding

Contraction of these muscles moves the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and inferiorly, thus rotating the vocal processes away and upward from midline which results if vocal fold abduction

Cricoarytenoid articulation: Rotation

what happens when vocal fold tension is reduced?

leads to a breathy voice

What happens when there is frequent use or forceful adduction when talking?

can lead to painful contact ulcers

The phonatory pattern a person uses during daily conversation is referred to as

Modal phonation

Vocal quality is crackly and popping with high vocal tension

glottal fry

Vocal technique producing high-pitched, airy sound Vocal folds are vibrated in a way to allow the person to reach notes that are above their normal range

falsetto

2 frequencies happening simultaneously

Overtone phonation

control length and tension of the vocal ligament

intrinsic muscles

These assist in swallowing and pharyngeal resonance

extrinsic

This is being demonstrated when the internal pressure of air drops as velocity increases

Bernoulli effect

This musculo cartilaginous structure has 3 unpaired + 3-4 paired cartilages and sits superior to the trachea

Larynx

This term refers to the space between the vocal folds

Glottis

This is a respiratory response to the presence of a foreign body or irritation

cough

This controls the degree of glottal opening

intrinsic

these modify the opening of the laryngeal inlet

extrinsic

This term is used for the phonatory pattern a person uses during everyday conversation

modal phonation

On this portion of the vocal folds opening and closing occurs

Anterior 2/3rds

These control the posture of the larynx in relationship to the other head and neck structures

extrinsic

This is the most massive of the laryngeal cartilages

Thyroid cartilage

This is a leaf like cartilage

Epiglottitis

This type of phonation sounds crackly and popping achieved by using low pitch with high vocal tension

Glottal fry

This vocal technique when a person produces high notes above their normal range

Falsetto

These two things occur when a person is impounding air for exertion

Abdominal fixation and vocal folds adduction

In order to initiate phonation and sing like bob dylan this had to happen with the vocal folds

Adduction

This is a more familiar term for what is formed by the vestibular ligament

False vocal folds

This bone articulate with the thyroid cartilage

Hyoid

This is how loudness or amplitude is measured

Decibel (dB)

The aditus is described as this

Entryway into the larynx

These two functions will produce voiced or voiceless speech

Adduction and abduction

This may occur due to forceful adduction of the vocal folds

Contact ulcers

This occurs when 2 different pitches are produced simultaneously

Overtone phonation

This structure folds over to cover the vocal folds during swallowing

Epiglottis

the vocal ligaments attach to the vocal processes of which cartilage

arytenoids

This muscle group has both origin and insertions inside the larynx

Intrinsic muscles

In normal phonation air pressure drives loudness vocal fold closure will be maintained as long as the speaker intends to produce voice or runs out of air plus the other component

Characteristics of the vocal folds will drive pitch

this is how pitch how frequency is measure

Hertz

This vocal quality occurs when we are speak using reduced vocal fold tension

Breathiness