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Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has
more widespread and long-lasting effects
Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by
humoral stimulation
Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore
proteins
Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a
biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to
increase
Lipophilic hormones bind to _________blank receptors of target cells.
intracellular
Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that
each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to
up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity
The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary
are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive
The part of the brain that functions as a “master control center” of the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _________.
inferior, infundibulum
growth hormone
stimulates gluconeogenesis
The thyroid gland is located
immediately anterior to the trachea
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone
In most of its target cells, cortisol _________ glucose uptake and _________ protein metabolism.
decreases, increases
The pancreas is located _________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the _________.
posterior, spleen
Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?
C cell
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
melatonin
endocrine system
communicates by means of hormones, reacts more slowly to stimuli, may continue responding long after stimulus stops, and adapts relatively slowly
nervous system
communicates by means of electrical impulses, adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
A hormone is a _________ and the target cell is _________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormone
examples of endocrine system functions.
maintaining blood volume, regulating blood ion concentrations
all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are _________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are _________ chemical messengers.
autocrine, paracrine
lipid soluble hormones
steroid hormones, thyroid hormone
A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a
long half-life
__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors.
unbound (free)
The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called
half-life
The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme
adenylyl cyclase
Which of these hormones would be able to cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
testosterone—a steroid hormone
Which of these hormones would require a carrier protein to travel within the blood?
Estrogen— a steroid hormone
in response to a chronic lack of a hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors
up regulation
Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release
up regulation
Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training
up regulation
In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors
down regulation
decreases response to an increase in hormone
down regulation
decreased sensitivity
down regulation
decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels.
down regulation
What are the conditions that influence the number of receptors available for a specific hormone
up regulation, developmental maturity, down-regulation
Prolactin has a permissive effect on oxytocin in breast tissue. If prolactin levels were high, but oxytocin receptors had been blocked by a drug, what would be the result?
Oxytocin would have less of an effect on the target cells
Glucagon and insulin have antagonistic effects. Glucagon signaling results in an increase in blood glucose concentration. What do you expect is the result of insulin signaling?
A decrease in blood glucose concentration
When is hormone receptor down regulation likely to occur?
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
pituitary gland
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
pituitary gland
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
pituitary gland
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
pituitary gland
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus
Corticotopin-releasing hormone
produced by the Hypothalamus
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Produced by the Hypothalamus
follicle-stimulating hormone
Produced by the anterior pituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
produced by the anterior pituitary
growth hormone
produced by the anterior pituitary
TRH
hypothalamus
CRH
hypothalamus
GnRH
hypothalamus
OT
posterior pituitary
GH
Anterior pituitary
FSH
anterior pituitary
LH
anterior pituitary
Alarm reactions
Epinephrine effects, increases heart rate, liver glycogenolysis, bronchodialation
Stage of resistance
cortisol effects, water retention, immune system suppression
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids.
what is true about thyroxine
all of these choices are correct
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________, which in turn activates ________.
G-protein; adenylyl cyclase
The cortex of the suprarenal (adrenal) glands produces
corticosteroids
In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because
no insulin is released
In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because muscle
muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal
The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces
insulin and glucagon
Which pancreatic islet cell type is correctly matched with its product?
beta cells : insulin
How many parathyroid glands are there
2-6
The parathyroid glands are usually located on which surface of the thryoid gland?
posterior
Indicate all of the characterisitics that pertain to the hormone melatonin.
Helps to regulate circadian rhythm, irregular levels are linked with mood disorders
which organ produces angiotensinogen
liver
which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin
small intenstine
the hormone leptin is released by the
adipose tissue
Note 
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