Immuno Test #1

Immunoglobulin

what is another name for B Cell Receptor?

transmembrane region

B cell receptors have a \____________ \___________ which differentiates them from an antibody

commensal

\____________ organisms in our bodies keep the bad bacteria in check, antibiotics kill these

barriers

what is the first line of defense?

mechanical, chemical, microbiological

what are the 3 types of barriers?

innate immune system

what is your second line of defense

adaptive immune system

what is your third line of defense

macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

what are the cells of the innate immune system

B Cells, T Cells

what are the cells of the adaptive immune system?

memory

what is your fourth line of defense?

hematopoetic

what is the stem cell that is the precursor to lymphocytes? (and RBCs)

blood

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils reside in the \___________

tissue

macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells reside in the \_______________

GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)

tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches are all examples of \__________

antigen binding site

The site on an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor molecule that binds specific antigen.

light chain

what is section 3 called on this antibody

heavy chain

what is the blue section 2 called on this antibody?

alpha, beta

what are the two types of chains on a T cell Receptor

plasma

activated B cells differentiate into \____________ cells

B cell

\______ receptors bind directly to antigen and can recognize proteins, carbs, lipids or any combo of antigen

T cell

\_______ receptors use MHC to recognize antigen, no direct binding, also only recognize a short peptide fragment

short peptide fragments

what types of molecules do T cell receptors recognize? (what is bound to MHC?)

carbs, lipids, proteins, or combo

what types of molecules do B cell receptors recognize?

single specificity

when one T cell will have many receptors but each recognizes the same antigen

clonal selection

the process of finding the right match for a pathogen (antigen)

clonal expansion

the process of building an army of T/B cells after you find the match

Dendritic Cells

special phagocytes in the tissue that bind to pathogen then "eat and run" to nearest lymph node with it

T cells

which adaptive cell type is always activated first?

major histocompatibility complex

what does MHC stand for

antigen processing

intracellular degradation of pathogenic proteins into peptides that can be recognized by T cell, done inside DCs

CD8

MHC 1 receptors present to \________ cells

CD4

MHC 2 receptors present to \________ cells

intracellular

MHC 1 presents antigen derived from \____________ pathogens/infections

extracellular

MHC 2 presents antigen derived from \_______________ pathogens/infections

cytotoxic T cells

CD8 cells are also known as \___________

helper T cells

CD4 cells are also known as \___________

MHC1

all nucleated cells in your body express which class of MHC?

helper

you usually need \__________ T cells to activate B cells

opsonize, neutralize, activate complement

what are the 3 functions of an antibody?

polymorphism

The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population, we see this with MHC in humans

humoral

antibody-mediated immunity is known as \_________ immunity

memory

\_________ cells outnumber naive lymphocytes and are quicker to respond to infection

complement

what is the first thing to respond in the innate immune response?

opsonize

in general, the function of the B fragment of a complement molecule is to \_____________

cause inflammation

in general, the function of the A fragment of a complement molecule is to \________________ \__________________

Alternative

which complement pathway is the first to be activated?

bacteria

alternative pathway is initiated by the presence of \____________

C3

what must be cleaved first in alternative pathway for the rest of pathway to be activated?

C3Bb

what are the "scissors" that are present to cleave C3 (whether pathogen is present or not, free floating)

C3bBb

What is the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

deposition

C3b \______________ is when C3 convertase cleaves more C3b to bacterial surface which has positive effect allowing more C3b to become C3bBb on bacterial surface

properdin

\___________ helps to regulate complement in alternative pathway by stabilizing C3bBb which reinforces cleavage activity (positive regulation)

factorH, factor-i

\__________ & \__________ inactivate C3b by taking a slice out of C3b to give the fragment iC3b

C3bbBb

alternative pathway C5 convertase

C5b6789999999

what is the MAC complex composed of?

CD59

\__________ prevents MAC on our own cells by blocking polymerization of C9

opsonize, inflammation, MAC

what are the functions of complement?

anaphalotoxins

complement molecules that cause inflammation are known as \______________________ (C3a, C5a)

vascular permeability

inflammation due to complement allows for increased \_________________ \________________

NK cells

cell type that recognizes stress signals from body cells and induce death, not classified as a phagocyte

TLRs

what is our most prominent example of a PRR in macrophages? (PRR\= pattern recognition receptor)

TLR

\_____________ receptors usually function as a dimer and can recognize all 4 types of pathogens, only PRR to trigger signaling but not phagocytosis

TLR4

the PRR that recognizes LPS (PAMP)

LBP

\__________ neutralizes LPS that is brought to the Macrophage

LPS binds, signal transduction, NFkB activated, inflammatory cytokines expressed

what is the process of TLR4 activation?

NFkB

you cannot have inflammation without \_____________

interleukins, chemokines, specific name (interferons, TNF)

what are the classes of cytokines (5 types)

Inflammasome

produced by macrophages in response to G- bacteria (ingested LPS), releases IL-1B

TNF-alpha, IL6, CXCL8, CCL2, IL12

what are the 5 key cytokines (excluding IL-1B)

increase vascular permeability, activates vascular adhesion molecules

what are the two main functions of TNF-alpha

TNF-alpha

what cytokine does IL-1B work synergistically with?

IL6

which cytokine generates heat by increasing the rate of metabolism in fat and muscle cells

slows replication of pathogen, increase rate of immune cell funx

what are the two functions that increased heat has on the immune response?

CXCL8

what cytokine is a chemoattractant that is responsible for recruiting neutrophils from the blood to the SOI?

CCL2

what cytokine draws monocytes from the blood to the tissue?

IL12

what cytokine recruits and activates NK cells?

Macrophages

phagocytes that rise from monocytes in the blood and are long lived

neutrophils

phagocytes that reside in the blood, need the cell from macrophages to migrate to tissue, most abundant WBC and are short lived

rolling adhesion

when leukocytes partially adhere to vessel wall by interaction of selectins(endothelial cells) and S-Lex(neutrophils)

tight adhesion

when conformational change causes closer binding of leukocyte to vessel wall by interaction between LFA-1(neutrophils) and ICAM1(endothelium)

diapedesis

the passage of WBCs through vessel wall by cytoskeleton remodeling and proteases + increased vascular permeability

migration

the travel of WBCs to SOI done by following the concentration gradient of CXCL8

S-Lex, selectins

what are the two molecules involved in rolling adhesion?

LFA-1 (CXCL8), ICAM1 (TNFa)

what are the 4 molecules involved in tight adhesion?

proteases, TNFa (permeability)

what are the 2 molecules involved in diapedesis?

CXCL8

what is the molecule involved in migration of WBCs?

phagosome

results from a pathogen being engulfed into a neutrophil

NADPH oxidase, respiratory burst

special granules within neutrophil contain \___________ \____________ to cause the \____________ \____________ producing super oxide and hydrogen peroxide to activate killing

pH

a raise in \___________ due to respiratory burst is what causes the activation of antimicrobial enzymes within phagosome

degrade

phagosome fuses with lysosome to create a phagolysosome and this decreases pH to \__________ the bacteria

inflammation

byproducts from respiratory burst also cause possibly negative side effect of \____________________

opsonization, complement

the main function of the Acute Phase Response (which is activated by IL6) is \________________, but the proteins also activate \_____________

Lectin

which complement pathway is initiated by MBL?

C2aC4b

what is the C3 convertase in the lectin pathway?

classical

which complement pathway is activated last by the presence of C Reactive Protein?

Interferon Response

response to viral DNA/RNA invasion in nucleated cells, IRF3 causes cell to release type 1 interferons

type 1

the interferon response only uses \_____________ interferon

inhibit viral replication, recruit & activate NK cells, warn neighbors

what are the 3 functions of the Interferon Response

plasmacytoid DCs

cell type that makes a lot of type 1 interferons

effector

Type 1 Interferon binds to NK cells and causes their differentiation from naive cells into \___________ cells