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When work is done by the system w is
negative
rubbing alcohol evaporating from skin is
an endothermic process
ΔH when Oxygen gas converts to Oxygen atoms ( H2(g) ---> 2H(g) ) is...
positive
solvent flows across a semipermeable membrane
from pure solvent to solution
The van't hoff factor for NaCl is
i=2
the van't hoff factor for CaCl2 is...
i=3
generally, how is vapor pressure affected by strength of intermolecular forces?
as IMF strength increases, VP decreases
as surface area increases, VP decreases
how does temperature affect solubility of most gasses in most liquids?
as temperature decreases, solubility increases
entropy is
a measure of disorder
ice thawing at -30°C is a...
nonspontaneous process
the sign of ΔS when NaCl dissolves in water is...
positive
the sign of ΔS when water freezes is...
negative
in the reaction: CaCO(s) ➝ CaO(s) + CO2(g), entropy of the system...
increases
in the reaction: Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) ➝ Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s), entropy...
remains nearly the same
in precipitation reactions, ΔS° rxn tends to be...
negative
1 mol O2(g) or 1 mol O3(g)
which has greater entropy?
1 mol O3(g)
1 gram O2(g) or 1 gram O3(g)
which has greater entropy?
1 gram O2(g)
rank the following compounds in order of increasing S°: H2O(g), HF(g), NH3(g)
HF<H2O<NH3
rank the following compounds in order of increasing S°: CH4(g), CF4(g), CCl4(g)
CH4<CF4<CCl4
what is the sign of S°rxn in the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) ?
negative
how does surface area of a molecule affect entropy of the system?
as surface area increases, entropy increases
when ΔG is positive, the process is...
nonspontaneous
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS, when ΔH and ΔS are both negative, the reaction is spontaneous at what temperatures?
low temperatures
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS, when ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive, the reaction is spontaneous at what temperatures?
all temperatures
if rate = k[A]2[B], what is the overall order of the reaction
3
if rate = k[A][B]3[C]½, what is the order of the reaction with respect to [A]?
1
if rate quadruples as [A] doubles, what is the order of the reaction with respect to [A]
2
what is the zero-order integrated rate law?
[A]t=-kt+[A]o
as Ea gets larger, does the reaction get faster or slower?
slower
as temperature increases, does rate of reaction increase or decrease?
increase
what is the molarity of the reaction O3(g) +NO(g) → O2(g) + NO2(g) ?
bimolecular
in a two step reaction mechanism, an intermediate is...
produced and then consumed
in a two step reaction mechanism, the rate limiting step is the...
slow step
true or false
catalysts change the ΔE of a reaction
false, changes activation energy (Ea)
when NO2 catalyzes the breakdown of O3 in the upper atmosphere, NO2 is a...
homogenous catalyst
true or false
changing initial concentration of reactants or products does not change the equilibrium constant
true
what is Δn for the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
-2
which of the following is NOT true at equilibrium?
rate forward reaction=rate reverse reaction
concentrations reactants and products stop changing
[reactants]=[products]
[reactants]=[products]
when Q>Kc, the reaction moves towards the
reactants
If more O2 is added to the reaction 2O3(g) ⇌ 3O2(g) in a closed flask, equilibrium will shift
left
If you reduce the volume of the flask containing the reaction 2O3(g) ⇌ 3O2(g), equilibrium will shift...
left
for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3 ∆Hrxn = -92.1 kJ/mol, which of the following will increase NH3 production?
increase pressure
increase temperature
decrease pressure
decrease temperature
increase pressure and decrease temperature
if a catalyst is added to the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g), which way will equilibrium shift?
no shift
If more H2 is added to a closed flask containing the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), which way will equilibrium shift?
to the right
Go for a reaction is < 0, under what conditions is the reaction nonspontaneous?
when Q>K
which of the following is NOT a strong acid?
HNO2
HF
Hi
H2SO4
HNO2
which of the following is NOT a strong base?
NH3
NaOH
KOH
Ba(OH)2
NH3
identify the acid in the reaction HClO3 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇋ ClO3–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
HClO3 (aq)
molecules that can act as acids and bases are called...
amphiprotic
identify the base in the reaction CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇋ CH3NH3+(aq) + OH–(aq)
CH3NH2(aq)
identify the conjugate acid in the reaction H2SO4 (aq.) + 2 KOH (aq.) → K2SO4 (aq.) + 2 H2O (l)
H2O
identify the conjugate base in the reaction H2O(ℓ) + NH4+(aq) ⇋ H3O+ + NH3(aq)
NH3
a Bronsted Lowry acid...
Donates H+
a Lewis base...
donates lone pair of electrons
a solution with a pH of 3.2 is...
acidic
if H+ ions are added to a basic solution, it's pH will...
Decrease
strong acids...
ionize completely in aqueous solution
strong acids have…
Small pKa values
Large Ka values
which diprotic acid is stronger?
H2Se4
H2SO4
H2SO4
an acid with more oxygens to delocalize the negative charge of the anions will be...
an acid with more oxygens to delocalize the negative charge of the anions will be...
stronger than an acid with fewer oxygens
KI(s) is what type of salt?
neutral
KClO(s) is what type of salt?
basic
NaHSO4(s) is what type of salt?
acidic
HF(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + F–(aq) add BaF2(s)
reaction shifts left, pH increases
a buffer can consist of...
a weak acid and its basic salt
a weak base and its conjugate acid
when choosing an acid to make your buffer with, use the one with the pKa closest to...
your desired pH
at the equivalence point of a strong base/weak acid titration...
pH>7
Zn2+ can act as a...
Lewis acid
in a voltaic cell, cations flow towards the...
cathode
given the cell diagram
Be(s) | Be2+(aq) || Fe2+(aq) | Fe(s)
what is the reducing agent?
Be(s)
E° for the anode is...
more negative than the cathode
for redox reaction
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ⇋ Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
what is the reduction half reaction?
2Ag+(aq) + 2e– ⇋ 2Ag(s)
in a voltaic cell, which electrode increases in mass?
cathode
how many moles of electrons are transferred in the reaction 6H+(aq) + 2Al(s) → 3H2(g) + 2Al3+(aq)
6
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