IMED1004

Thiamine deficiency?

• Diet of displaced populations consisting of polished rice -Beri Beri

• Alcohol Dependence –Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Thiamine deficiency syndorme

neurological symptoms

riboflavin function

FAD; FADH

riboflavin deficiency

rare

Niacin function

NAD; NADP

Niacin synthesis

• some biosynthesis by gut bacteria

niacin causes of deficiency

corn staple as grain

alcohol dependence

Deficiency Syndromes of niacin

Pellagra—“three Ds”: dementia,

dermatitis, diarrhea

Pantothenic acid function

coenzyme A

Pantothenic acid deficiency syndrome

No nonexperimental syndrome recognized

Pyridoxine deficiency

Deficiency is rare, usually due to secondary malnutrition (alcohol-use, malabsorption, drug side-effects)

Biotin function

Cofactor in carboxylation reactions

Biotin deficiency

• Cause of deficiency – overconsumption of raw eggs (albumin binds biotin very strongly)

Biotin deficiency syndrome

none defined

biotin synthesis

Some synthesis by gut bacteria

Folate function

-essential, thymidine nucleotide synthesis

Folate deficiency cause

Mandatory supplement in grains in Australia – has effectively decreased incidence of neural tube defects in the population

Folate deficiency

neural tube defects (spinal bifida)

B12 function

Required for normal folate metabolism and nucleotide synthesis.

• Maintenance of myelinization of spinal cord tracts

b12 deficiency cause

not present in plants

poorly absorbed in bowel

B12 deficiency syndrome

nerve damage due to demyelination

vit A

1) structure

2) function

3) deficiency

1) double bonds

2) chromophore, essential in signalling, control of gene expression via transcription factors, maintenance of specialised epithelial, maintenance of resistant to infection

3) night blindness, inappropriate bone deposition, xeropthalmia, squamous metaplasia

Vit D

1) function

2) deficiency syndrome

1) facilitates intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and P3- mineralisation of bone

2) rickets, osteomalacia

vit E

1) function

2) deficiency syndrome

1) antioxidant —> scavages free radical

2) spinocerebellar degeneration, haemolytic anemia in premature infants

Vit K

1) function

2) deficiency syndrome

1) cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of pre-cauglalnts

2) bleeding diathesis

vit C

1) function

2) deficiency syndrome

1) cellular respiration, antioxidant, bioavailability of iron, collagen synthesis, immune systems, antioxidant activity

2) scurvy —> accumulation of lipid per oxidation product in retinal tissues

iron transport and storage

• ferritin and transferrin

• bind iron to prevent oxidative damage

• uses transferrin to transport iron

• once inside cell —> released from transferrin and reduced to Fe2+ state

• stored in ferritin ( liver, bone marrow, spleen)

myoglobin

• contains Heme group —> binds O2

• 1 subunit

• sound in muscles

• function: oxygen storage in muscles

Hb

• contains haem-prosthetic group

• 4 subunits

• each subunit —> one heam group

• function: O2 not soluble so Heam binds oxygen and therefor can be carried

iron deficiency.

most common

hameme lacks Fe2+

insufficiency oxygen

cause: poor nutrition, slow and chronic bleeding

deficiency can cause anemia

excess of iron

• haemochromatosis

• iron build up: deposits in liver, heart and joints

• can lead to cirrhosis of liver

• treatment: blood donations

  /

role of Ca2+

role in signalling

muscle contraction is triggered by Ca ions

involved in neuron firing

signalling for apoptosis

excess of Ca

calcium has UL —> risk of kidney stones

Ca deficiency

• osteoporosis

• loss of bone density

function of phosphate

role in chemicals which provide cellular energy

role in nucleic acids

has a signalling role

deficiency of Ca

hypophosphatemia —> rare as it well supplied in duet

symptoms of Ca deficiency

anemia

muscle weakness

rickets

confusion

death

role of Mg

cofactor of more than 200 enzymatic reaction

deficiency of Mg

rare

symptoms of deficiency

muscle spasm

nausea

muscular weakness

iodine

role

what does deficiency lead to

• component of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

• growth, development of CNS

• energy production, oxygen consumption

• deficiency

  • congenital deformity

  • goitre

  • hyperthyroidism

apoptosis

programmed cell death

what are the 2 classes of DNA lesions

• pyrimidine dimers

• 6-4 photoproducts

events of apoptosis

chromosomes being fragmented

organelle structure is disrupted

cell loses it shape

cell breaks up into small fragments

Diabetic results - interpretation

 

Normal values:

                  1. fasting blood glucose

                  2. 2h blood glucose

 

Impaired fasting glucose 

                  3. fasting blood glucose

                  4. 2h blood glucose

 

Impaired glucose tolerance

                  5. fasting blood glucose

                  6. 2h blood glucose 

 

Diabetes

                  7. fasting blood glucose

                  8. 2h blood glucose

1. <6.1

 

2. <7.8

 

3. b/w 6.1 and 6.9

 

4. <7.8

 

5. <7.0

 

6. b/w 7.8 and 11.0

 

7. >7.0

 

8. >11.1