AP HUG UNIT 3

Culture

The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors of a society.

Culture trait

A single element of culture, such as food, clothing, or language.

Architecture

The design and style of buildings that reflect cultural values and technology.

Cultural relativism

The idea that a culture should be understood based on its own values and beliefs, not judged by another.

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

Cultural landscapes

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the environment.

Linguistic characteristics

Language features that define a cultural region or group.

Sequent occupancy

Successive societies leaving their cultural imprints on a place, creating a layered landscape.

Traditional architecture

Building styles that reflect local customs, materials, and historical influences.

Postmodern architecture

A style that mixes new ideas with traditional forms, emphasizing creativity and diversity.

Land use patterns

The ways in which people use the land, reflecting cultural, economic, and environmental factors.

Ethnicity

Identity based on shared cultural traits, ancestry, and traditions.

Gender

Social and cultural roles or expectations associated with being male or female.

Ethnic neighborhood

An area within a city where people of the same ethnicity cluster together.

Indigenous community

A group of native people maintaining cultural traditions and attachment to ancestral lands.

Sense of place

The feelings and meanings associated with a particular location.

Placemaking

The process of creating spaces that reflect community values and culture.

Centripetal force

A factor that unites people and strengthens a state.

Centrifugal force

A factor that divides people and weakens a state.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the physical movement of people.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a trait outward from its hearth while remaining strong at the source.

Contagious diffusion

Rapid, widespread spread of a trait through direct contact.

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread of a trait from a person or place of authority or influence to others.

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an idea even though a specific trait is rejected or modified.

Creolization

The blending of languages and cultures into a new form.

Lingua franca

A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.

Colonialism

Control by one power over a dependent area or people for economic or political gain.

Imperialism

The extension of a country's power through diplomacy or military force.

Trade

Exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between regions.

Urbanization

Growth of cities and the movement of people from rural to urban areas.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of the world's cultures, economies, and populations.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between places feels shorter due to improved transportation and communication.

Cultural convergence

The process of cultures becoming more alike due to sharing ideas and technology.

Cultural divergence

The process of cultures becoming different due to isolation or separation.

Language

A system of communication through speech, writing, or symbols.

Language family

A group of related languages that share a common ancestor.

Language dialect

A regional variation of a language with distinct pronunciation or vocabulary.

Cultural hearth

The area where a cultural trait originates and spreads outward.

Indo-European language family

The world's largest language family, including English, Spanish, Hindi, and others.

Toponym

A place name that reflects cultural heritage or physical features.

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks to convert others and is open to all people.

Christianity

A universalizing religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Islam

A universalizing religion founded by Muhammad, following the Quran.

Buddhism

A universalizing religion that teaches the path to enlightenment through meditation and morality.

Sikhism

A universalizing religion blending elements of Hinduism and Islam, founded in South Asia.

Ethnic religion

A religion closely tied to a specific ethnic group and location.

Hinduism

An ethnic religion from South Asia focused on reincarnation and karma.

Judaism

An ethnic religion based on the belief in one God and the teachings of the Torah.

Acculturation

The process of cultural change that occurs when two cultures meet and exchange traits.

Assimilation

When a minority group adopts the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.

Syncretism

The blending of different cultural beliefs or practices into a new system.