History Exam Part 1

2nd KKK

Atlanta, Georgia. Starting in 1921, it adopted a modern business system of recruiting (which paid most of the initiation fee and costume charges as commissions to the organizers) and grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity

AFL

American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks.

Angle Island

Angel Island is located in San Francisco Bay and immigrants passed through it. The immigrants were mostly of Asian decent.

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Buffalo Soldiers

Name given to African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army on the western frontier and fought in the Indian Wars (1854-1890).

Causes for US entry into WWI

• Zimmerman Telegram: secret German offer of American territory to Mexico—Mexico needs to join WWI in return

• Sinking of the Lusitania: British ship sunk by a German submarine during WWI

• Unrestricted German submarine warfare: Germans would torpedo any ships bound for Europe

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

CIO union

"Congress of Industrial Organization" - factory workers

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

During the time frame of 1870 to 1900, who would have been less likely yo face discrimination in the North? (Catholics, Protestants, Jews, or Muslims)

Protestants

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Election of 1928

Republican: Herbert Hoover and Democrat: Al Smith. Republicans identified themselves with the booming economy of the 1920s, and Smith's campaign, because Smith was a Roman Catholic, was not as successful because of Anti-Catholic prejudice. Hoover won in a landslide victory

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that opened in New York Harbor in 1892

Exodusters

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

Frederick Olmstead

Landscape Architect who designed many public parks including Central Park in New York.

Gertude Ederle

in 1926, she became the first woman to swim the English Channel

Gilded Age

The period in American history during which materialism, a quest for personal gain, and corruption dominated both politics and society

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Harlem Hell Fighters

The African American infantry unit that fought with the French Army in World War I

In the mid-20th Century, which city was called the steel center?

Pittsburg

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

James A. Garfield (1881)

* 20th president of the U.S.
* Republican
* Key Issues: Civil service reform, Chinese immigration
* Assassinated by a man who was angry because he did not get a job in the government
* His assassination led to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Jim Thorpe

Native American who, in 1950, was voted the greatest athlete of the 20th century

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

John Pershing "Black Jack"

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Long term causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Manifest Destiny

the phrase, coined by journalist John O'Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Niagara Movement

a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Open Door Notes

the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Patrons of Husbandry

The Patrons of Husbandry was a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Progressive Amendments (16, 17, 18, 19)

16th-Income tax; those making a certain amount can be taxed

17th-Direct election of senators; legislature had been electing corrupt senators

18th-Manufacture, sale, consumption of alcohol illegal, with exceptions- PROHIBITION

19th-women's suffrage

Progressivism Era

A broad movement between 1896-1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Robber Barons

People who'd built fortunes by swindling investors and taxpayers, and bribing officials

Roosevelt Corollary

A statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the U.S. would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region.

Russia during WWI

Started on allies, then drew out of war due to revolutionaries in Russia

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Short term causes of WWI

the assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand from Austria by a Serbian Nationalist

skyscrapers

The first was the Home Insurance Company Building built by William Le Baron Jenny in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system.

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's theory, based upon Charles Darwin's scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 1911

A fire at this Greenwich Village-based factory killed over 100 factory workers, most of them female and immigrant workers.

*Historical significance:* By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. \[7.1.I.B\]

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

What was America's 1st billion dollar firm?

U.S. Steel

What was the most common reason for immigrants coming to the U.S.?

Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine

What was the U.S. 1st big business?

The Railroads

What were the causes and results of the Spanish American War?

Causes: America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

Effects: The United States emerged as a world power; Cuba gained independence from Spain; the United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Who was Alexander Graham Bell?

Inventor of the telephone

Whose campaign promised to return the U.S. to normalcy?

Warren G. Harding

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

2010 legislation aimed at reducing the number of uninsured individuals and decreasing health care costs

Hurricane Katrina

Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Scottosboro Boys

- black boys and young men ranging in age from 13-21- were convicted of raping two white women while riding a freight train- all were sentenced to death- injustice of the case sparked protests throughout the world - Alabama eventually dropped te charges- prompted two important rulings in cases Powell v. Alabama and Norris v. Alabama

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Smooth-Hawley Tariff

1930 US set the highest tariff rates in history in an attempt to protect American Industry but other nations also raised tariffs and it made the Depression worse.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

Bloody Sunday/Selma

Name for the incident in March 1965 where AL troopers used force to turn back a march from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery. It compelled President Johnson to call the AL National Guard to protect the marchers. 3 were killed.

1961 Bay of Pigs

failed invasion of Cuba by US

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Persian Gulf Conflict

1990-1991 Reason - Iraq invades Kuwait to gain control of oil fields. Outcome - UN puts trade embargo against Iraq which hurts its economy.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

JFK New Frontier Program

stimulated economy, improved education, improves defense, civil rights, clean up slums

LBJ's Great Society

goals = elimination of poverty - failed because of vietnam war and radical injustic

new major spending programs - education and vietnam war

\