OXYGENATION, PERFUSION, SENSORY ETC

age, env, lifestyle, health stat, meds, stress

6 factors affecting respi function

a. fluid

b. 2

newborns

a. When the fetus is still in the womb, there are - filled lungs and will drain during birth.

b. Lungs gradually expand with each subsequent breath and newborns have full inflammation by—weeks.

a. rigid and less

b. dec

c. dec

older adults

a. Chest walls and airways become — elastic.

b. Amountofair exchanged is—

c. Cough reflex and cilia action is —

a. drier and fragile

b. dec

older adults

a. Mucous membranes are —

b. — in muscle strength and endurance

a. osteoporosis

b. GERD

a. if —occur, lung expansion is compromised

b. —diseases are more common in adults and increases the risk of aspiration.

po2

higher altitude, lower —

Anti-anxiety drugs, Benzodiazepine, Diazepam, Valium , Ativan , Midazolam , Sedative-hypnotics , Barbiturates , Opioids

9 medications that dec rate and depth of respi

epinephrine, dilate

The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and — is released during stress; bronchioles will —, blood flow and oxygen delivery to active muscles increases.

upper and lower airway obstruction

2 conditions affecting airway

upper AO

(nose, pharynx, or larynx)

Foreign objects , Tongue falls back to oropharynx , Secretions

upper AO occur when 3

lower AO

partial or complete occlusion of passageways in bronchi and lungs.

inc accumulated mucus or inflammatory exudate

lower AO due to

partial obstruction

indicates a low-pitched snoring sound during inhalation

Complete obstruction

extreme inspiratory effort to produce chest movement; inability to cough and speak; can see sternal intercostal retractions

stridor

Harsh high-pitched sound may be heard during inspiration

breathing pattern, eupnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, apnea, orthopnea, dyspnea

7 conditions affecting movement of air

breathing patterns

rate, volume, rhythm, and relative ease or effort of respiration

eupnea

quiet, rhythmic, and effortless respiration

tachypnea

seen in fevers, metabolic acidosis, pain, and hypoxemia.

bradypnea

seen in clients who takes drugs or sedatives, metabolic alkalosis, increased intracranial pressure

orthopnea

inability to breathe easily unless patient is sitting upright or standing

dyspnea

difficulty of breathing or shortness of breath; nasal flaring, labored breathing, increased heart rate, cyanosis, and diaphoresis; can be a cardiac problem, or respiratory disorder

hypoxemia, tissue hypoxia

2 conditions affecting diffusion

o2, co2

Impaired diffusion may affect levels of gases in the blood particularly the — level; it does not diffuse as readily sa —

hypoxemia

reduced oxygen levels in the blood caused by impaired diffusion at the alveolar capillary levels, pulmonary edema, atelectasis , low hemoglobin levels.

atelectasis

collapsed alveoli

tissue hypoxia

insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body

3-5

in tissue hypoxia, Cerebral cortex can only tolerate hypoxia from —minutes before permanent damage would occur.

dec cardiac output- hrt failure/hypovolemia

condition affecting transport

current respi prob, hist, respi disease, lifestyle, cough, sputum, chest pain, risk factors, med hist

8 assessment for respi function

cough etiquette, inc fluid intake

give 2 Maintaining airway clearance and effective gas exchange

suctioning, tracheostomy care, prevent tb

3 Specific measures for oxygenation problems

semi fowler/high fowler

elevating your back

orthopneic

(useful for asthma attacks)- in tripod position, chest bent forward, resting head over a table or leaning forward

humidifiers

devices that add water vapor to inspired air to loosen secretions; can moisten airway

vibration

series of vigorous quivering produced by hands that are placed flat against the client’s chest wall

postural drainage

the drainage by gravity of secretions from various lung segments- changing the position of the client.

Cannula , FaceMask , FaceTent , Endotracheal tube , Tracheostomy

o2 therapy administered via 5

dec cardiac output, impaired tissue perfusion, blood alteration

3 alteration for cardio function

myocardial infarction

heart is unable to keep up with the body’s need for oxygen and nutrients through the tissues.

necrosis

If the blood supply is cut off to the portion of the heart it will lead to— to that area and it will die

cardiac output

large portion of heart is affected, particularly the left ventricle (strongest ventricle that pushes out blood), — falls because the affected muscle will no longer contract.

atherosclerosis

most common cause of impaired blood flow to organs and tissues; will narrow the vessels, lining will thicken and become obstructed; distal tissues receive less blood, oxygen and nutrients, ischemia will then occur.

ischemia

lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation; there will be less blood and oxygen going to the distal parts of the body (legs and feet)

current/past cardio prob, med hist, lifetyle

3 assessment for circulation

Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension

DASH-

reception, perception

2 components of sensory exp

reception

process of receiving stimuli or data

perception

nvolves conscious organization and translation of the data or stimuli into meaningful information.

visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile (touch), gustatory (taste)

ext stimuli

gustatory (both internal and external), kinesthetic, or visceral

int stimuli

kinesthetic

refers to awareness of the position and movement of body parts.

visceral

refers to any large organ within the body.

stereognosis

the ability to perceive and understand an object through touch by its size, shape, and texture

stimulus, receptor, impulse conduction, perception

4 aspects of sensory process

stimulus

an agent or act that stimulates a nerve receptor

receptor

a nerve cell acts as a receptor by converting the stimulus to a nerve impulse

impulse conduction

impulse travels along nerve pathways either to the spinal cord or directly to the brain

perception

the client’s level of consciousness affects the perception of the stimuli

deve, culture, stress, meds, lifestyle

5 factors affect sensory function

reticular activity system

mediate the arousal mechanism

rea, ria

2 RAS

sensoristasis

optimal arousal

awareness

perceive int and ext stimuli, and respond appropriately thru thought and act

full

alert

disoriented

not oriented

confused

reduced awareness

somnolent

extreme drowsiness

semi comatose

extreme/repeated stimuli

coma

not respond to verbal stimuli

sensory deprivation, overload, deficit

3 sensory alterations

sensory deprivation

a decreased in or lack of meaningful stimuli

sensory overload

Unable to process or manage the amount or intensity of sensory stimuli

Increased quantity or quality of internal, external stimuli, Inability to disregard stimuli

3factors contribute to sensory overload:

sensory deficit

Impaired reception, perception, or both, of one or more of the senses, Blindness and deafness

presbyopia, cataract, digital eye trauma, dryness, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration

7 visual deficits

presbycusis, cerumen accumu

hearing d 2

xerostomia

taste d

cataract

clouding of the lens of the eye, which is typically clear

presbyopia

the gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects

glaucoma

group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic nerve

presbycusis

slow loss of hearing in both ears

xerostamia

the condition of having a reduced or absent flow of saliva.