bacteria & archaea

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44 Terms

1

prokaryote structure

  • no nuclear membrane

  • no membrane bound organelles

  • almost all prokaryotes have a cell wall

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2

three major cell shapes

  • rods (bacillus)

  • spheres (coccus)

  • spiral (spirilla)

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3

diplococci

pairs (cocci)

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4

streptococci

chains (cocci)

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5

staphylococci

grape clusters (cocci)

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6

vibrio

curved rod (bacilli)

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7

cell wall

  • lies outside plasma membrane

  • protects & prevents cell lysis (rupture)

  • bacteria: w/ peptidoglycan (protein with a sugar on it)

  • archaea: w/ other structural polysaccharides

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8

gram + stain

purple

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9

gram + structure

cell membrane → periplasmic space → thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)

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10

cell wall gram +

contains techoic acid

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11

gram - stain

pink or red

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12

gram - structure

cell membrane → periplasmic space → thin cell wall (peptidoglycan) → periplasmic space → outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide)

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13

cell wall gram -

does not contain techoic acid

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14

capsule or slime layer

resists attack from immune system

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15

fimbriae

hairlike protein that help cells stick to surface & each other

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16

motility

many capable of movement

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17

chemotaxis

move towards chemicals

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18

phototaxis

move towards light

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19

geotaxis (magnetotaxis)

moves towards magnetism

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20

quoran sensing

bacteria can talk to each other

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21

movement produced by

rotating flagellum protein fibers

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22

invagination

in-folded plasma membranes

  • used for aerobic cellular respiration or for O2-producing photosynthesis

  • compared to OUR mitochondria

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23

under stress, some produce ____

dormant cells

  • need heat and pressure to kill these

  • endospores survive heat, drought for years

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24

prokaryote DNA

one chromosome: circular DNA molecule w/ binding proteins (no histones for most)

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25

histones

keeps DNA organizes, responsible for keeping the genes wrapped around the histone OFF

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26

binary fission

  • yields 2 identical cells

  • short generation time if ideal & temp.

  • logarithmic/exponential growth in #s

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27

mechanisms for sexual reproduction in bacteria

  1. conjugation

  2. transformation

  3. transduction

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28

conjugation

a plasmis is moved by a pilus

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29

transformation

the uptake by some of the bacteria of naked DNA

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30

risk of transformation

could be viral

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31

transduction

when a virus takes DNA from one bacteria to another

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32

plasmids

extra tiny DNA rings w/ few genes

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33

what do a lot of genes in plasmids code for?

antibiotic resistance

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34

Griffith’s experiment

mixing heat-killed S cells and living R cells still killed. the mouse → rough cells uptook naked DNA that made a capsule

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35

what carries DNA for transduction

bacteriophage virus

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36

what does conjugation require

presence of F factor

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37

what do F factor genes build

sex pilus (mating bridge)

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38

where is F factor on chromosome

F-plasmid

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39

F+

has plasmid w/ presence of F factor

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40

R plasmids

genes for antibiotic resistance → can be transferred rapidly in this way

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41

photoautotroph

energy source: light

carbon source: fixation from the air

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42

chemoautotroph

energy source: inorganic compounds

carbon source: fixation from the air

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43

photoheterotroph

energy source: light

carbon source: eating to get organic carbon

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44

chemoheterotroph

energy source: organic compounds

carbon source: eating to get organic carbon

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