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prokaryote structure
no nuclear membrane
no membrane bound organelles
almost all prokaryotes have a cell wall
three major cell shapes
rods (bacillus)
spheres (coccus)
spiral (spirilla)
diplococci
pairs (cocci)
streptococci
chains (cocci)
staphylococci
grape clusters (cocci)
vibrio
curved rod (bacilli)
cell wall
lies outside plasma membrane
protects & prevents cell lysis (rupture)
bacteria: w/ peptidoglycan (protein with a sugar on it)
archaea: w/ other structural polysaccharides
gram + stain
purple
gram + structure
cell membrane → periplasmic space → thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)
cell wall gram +
contains techoic acid
gram - stain
pink or red
gram - structure
cell membrane → periplasmic space → thin cell wall (peptidoglycan) → periplasmic space → outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide)
cell wall gram -
does not contain techoic acid
capsule or slime layer
resists attack from immune system
fimbriae
hairlike protein that help cells stick to surface & each other
motility
many capable of movement
chemotaxis
move towards chemicals
phototaxis
move towards light
geotaxis (magnetotaxis)
moves towards magnetism
quoran sensing
bacteria can talk to each other
movement produced by
rotating flagellum protein fibers
invagination
in-folded plasma membranes
used for aerobic cellular respiration or for O2-producing photosynthesis
compared to OUR mitochondria
under stress, some produce ____
dormant cells
need heat and pressure to kill these
endospores survive heat, drought for years
prokaryote DNA
one chromosome: circular DNA molecule w/ binding proteins (no histones for most)
histones
keeps DNA organizes, responsible for keeping the genes wrapped around the histone OFF
binary fission
yields 2 identical cells
short generation time if ideal & temp.
logarithmic/exponential growth in #s
mechanisms for sexual reproduction in bacteria
conjugation
transformation
transduction
conjugation
a plasmis is moved by a pilus
transformation
the uptake by some of the bacteria of naked DNA
risk of transformation
could be viral
transduction
when a virus takes DNA from one bacteria to another
plasmids
extra tiny DNA rings w/ few genes
what do a lot of genes in plasmids code for?
antibiotic resistance
Griffith’s experiment
mixing heat-killed S cells and living R cells still killed. the mouse → rough cells uptook naked DNA that made a capsule
what carries DNA for transduction
bacteriophage virus
what does conjugation require
presence of F factor
what do F factor genes build
sex pilus (mating bridge)
where is F factor on chromosome
F-plasmid
F+
has plasmid w/ presence of F factor
R plasmids
genes for antibiotic resistance → can be transferred rapidly in this way
photoautotroph
energy source: light
carbon source: fixation from the air
chemoautotroph
energy source: inorganic compounds
carbon source: fixation from the air
photoheterotroph
energy source: light
carbon source: eating to get organic carbon
chemoheterotroph
energy source: organic compounds
carbon source: eating to get organic carbon