APUSH Period 1-2

🏞 Period 1: Native Societies & Early Contact (1491–1607)

Native American Regions

Southwest: Pueblo, Hopi – irrigation, maize, adobe houses.

Great Basin/Plains: Nomadic bison hunters (after horses: Sioux, Comanche).

Northeast/Atlantic Seaboard: Iroquois Confederacy, Algonquin; mix of farming & hunting.

Mississippi River Valley: Cahokia (mound builders, large urban center).

Northwest/California: Fishing, woodworking, longhouses.

European Exploration

Motives: God, Gold, Glory.

Technology: Compass, caravel, printing press, maps.

Spain → Columbus, Cortés, Pizarro; gold/silver, encomienda.

Portugal → Brazil, African slave trade.

France → Fur trade (Quebec 1608, Samuel de Champlain).

England → Defeated Spanish Armada (1588), late colonization attempts.

Columbian Exchange

Europe → America: Horses, cattle, wheat, disease (90% Native death).

America → Europe: Corn, potatoes, tomatoes → population boom.

Africa → Americas: Enslaved Africans (Middle Passage).

Spanish Colonization

Encomienda → forced Native labor.

Casta system: peninsulares > creoles > mestizos/mulattos > Africans/Natives.

Catholic missions & conversion.

Debates:

Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda (Valladolid Debate, 1550).

Outcome: encomienda phased out → African slavery expanded.

🏛 Period 2: Colonial America (1607–1754)

Settlement Patterns

Spain: Southwest, Florida, California; missions, strict royal control, intermarriage.

France: St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi; fur trade, alliances with Natives, few settlers.

Dutch: New Amsterdam (later NY); trade & shipping hub, religious tolerance.

England: Atlantic seaboard; families, agriculture, religious motives; more permanent settlements.

English Colonies by Region

Chesapeake & Southern Colonies

Virginia (1607) – Jamestown: first permanent English settlement.

Virginia Company; tobacco economy (John Rolfe).

Headright system → indentured servants → African slavery (1619).

House of Burgesses (1619) → first representative assembly.

Maryland (1632): Lord Baltimore, Catholic haven. Act of Toleration (1649) → Christian toleration.

Carolinas: Rice & indigo; relied on slavery.

Georgia (1732): Buffer colony, originally a debtor refuge (James Oglethorpe).

New England Colonies

Plymouth (1620): Pilgrims (Separatists), Mayflower Compact = self-gov.

Massachusetts Bay (1630): Puritans, John Winthrop "city upon a hill."

Religion central → town meetings, schools.

Dissenters:

Roger Williams (Providence, RI – religious freedom).

Anne Hutchinson (antinomianism).

Salem Witch Trials (1692).

Middle Colonies

New York: Dutch → English; diverse, trade.

Pennsylvania (1681): William Penn, Quakers, religious freedom, fair treatment of Natives.

New Jersey, Delaware: Mixed farming & commerce.

Colonial Society & Economy

Labor systems: Indentured servitude → African slavery.

Triangular Trade: rum → Africa (slaves) → West Indies (sugar) → colonies.

Navigation Acts (1650s): Mercantilism; colonies could only trade with England.

Dominion of New England: Attempted royal control (1686–1689), resisted.

Salutary Neglect: Limited enforcement → self-government grew.

African Slavery & Resistance

First Africans in Virginia (1619).

Reasons: declining indentured servants, Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), plantation demand.

Slave codes: harsh restrictions.

Resistance: rebellion (Stono Rebellion, 1739), escape, cultural traditions (music, religion).

Religion & Culture

First Great Awakening (1730s–1740s): Emotional revivalism (Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield).

Challenged authority, promoted individual faith.

Unified colonies culturally.

Enlightenment: Locke (natural rights), reason over tradition, influenced American Revolution.

Colonial politics: Town meetings (NE), assemblies (VA House of Burgesses).

Colonial Conflicts

Pequot War (1630s): New England colonists vs. Pequot, near destruction of tribe.

King Philip’s War (1675–1676): Metacom vs. NE colonists, devastating to Natives.

Pueblo Revolt (1680): SW Natives expelled Spanish for over 10 yrs.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (VA) & Anglo-Dutch wars in NY.

📜 AMSCO Must-Know Terms

Period 1: Columbian Exchange, encomienda, casta system, Valladolid Debate, Pueblo Revolt.

Period 2: Jamestown, House of Burgesses, Act of Toleration, Bacon’s Rebellion, Mayflower Compact, “city upon a hill,” Halfway Covenant, Great Awakening, Navigation Acts, salutary neglect, triangular trade, Stono Rebellion, Enlightenment.

📊 Themes & Essay Prep

Compare colonization models (Spain vs. France vs. England).

Labor systems: How did they develop/change from indentured servitude to slavery?

Religion: Role in NE vs. Chesapeake; First Great Awakening significance.

Native relations: Compare by region (Pueblo Revolt vs. King Philip’s War).

Colonial government: Self-gov. institutions (House of Burgesses, town meetings) vs. royal control.

🧠 Practice SAQs

Identify and explain ONE way the Columbian Exchange affected Europe.

Identify and explain ONE similarity and ONE difference between Spanish and French colonization.

Identify and explain ONE cause of the growth of African slavery in the British colonies.

Would you like me to make this into a condensed “night before exam” version (like one double-sided sheet) with just the bullet-pointed IDs + quick definitions for fast memorization, or keep it full depth like above?

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yes please

ChatGPT said:

Perfect 👍 Here’s a condensed “Night-Before Exam” Review Sheet for APUSH Periods 1 & 2 (1491–1754) based on AMSCO.

📝 APUSH Periods 1 & 2 – Night-Before Review

📖 Period 1 (1491–1607) – Pre-Contact & Exploration

Native Societies:

SW (Pueblo, Hopi) → maize, irrigation.

Great Plains/Basin (Sioux, Comanche) → nomadic bison hunters (horses later).

NE/Atlantic (Iroquois, Algonquin) → farming + hunting, confederacies.

Miss. River (Cahokia) → mound-builders, large urban centers.

NW/California (Chinook) → fishing, woodworking.