MicroBio Exam 1: Ch.1 review

what are micro-organisms?

organisms that are too small to see with the unaided eye

What are the types of microbes?

Bacteria, fungi (mold/yeast), protozoa (brain eating ameba), microscopic algae, viruses

What are pathogenic?

disease producing

What is the main function of microbes?

to decompose organic waste

What is a Microbiome?

a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

How many bacterial cells does an adult human have?

40 trillion bacterial cells (the body has more bacterial cells than body cells)

Are bacteria larger than body cells?

No, bacterial cells are far more smaller than body cells

Where do the microbiome begin?

Begin to be acquired as new borns (passing through vagina)

May colonize the body fleetingly (making them transient microbiota)

Where can colonization occur?

only at body sites that provide nutrients and the right environment for the microbes to flourish

What is one example of a transient microbiota?

Staphylococcus- on the skin/ can survive high salt concentration of the skin

What are probiotics?

a way to get good bacteria, can be found in certain foods or supplements

what are prebiotics?

help encourage the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, compounds in foods

Who came up with the naming system (scientific nomenclature) of microorganisms?

Carolus Linnaeus

What year did Carolus Linnaeus come up with the naming system of microorganisms?

1735

How are scientific names written?

Italicized

First letter is capitalized

second letter is lowercase

Ex: Escherichia coli

After the first use of scientific name the name can then be….

abbreviated

Ex: E. coli

Escherichia coli is found where?

in the large intestine

Where is Staphylococcus aureus found?

on the skin

What are prokaryotes?

simple cells

What are Eukaryotes?

Complex cells/ multi-cellular

What are some examples of prokaryotes?

Bacteria

Archaea

What are some examples of eukaryotes?

Fungi

Protozoa (brain eating ameba)

Algae

Multicellular Animal Parasites

What are some characteristics of bacteria?

Prokaryotes

Peptidoglycan cell walls (carbohydrate in cell walls)

What are some characteristics of Archaea?

Prokaryotes

Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls

Often live in extreme environments

What are some characteristics of Fungi?

Eukaryotes (complex cells/multicellular)

Chitin cell walls

Mold (multicellular)

Yeast (unicellular)

What does bacteria look like?

What does Fungi look like?

What is a Protoza?

Eukaryote

Is an amoeba (brain eating)

What are some characteristics of Algae?

Eukaryotes

Use photosynthesis for energy

What does Algae look like?

What are some characteristics of Viruses?

Acellular/nonliving (not made up of cells)

they are codependent (piggy back on other cells)

What is the agent that caused COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2, this is an example of a virus

What are helminths (multicellular animal parasites)?

parasitic flatworms and roundworms

Who introduced the 3 domain system?

Carl Woese

In what year did Carl Woese introduce the 3 domain system?

1978

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

What are the 3 domains based on?

cellular organization

What did Robert Hooke build?

The first compound microscope

What did Robert Hooke report?

living things are composed of little boxes or “cells”

What theory did Robert Hooke create?

The cell theory

In what year did Robert Hooke report the cell theory?

1665

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do from 1623-1673?

used microscope to see microorganisms

What year and what did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover?

Year 1623: discovered “Animalcules”

What is Spontaneous generation?

hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter

What is the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells called?

Biogenesis

What is the name of the person that first proved biogenesis? 1668

-”Maggots come from flies”

Francesco Redi

Who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air by using shaped flasks?

Louis Pasteur

What year did Louis Pasteur demonstrated microorganisms in the air by using shaped glass?

1861

What shaped glass did Louis Pasteur use?

S shaped glass

What did Louis Pasteur show microbes were responsible for?

Fermentation

What is fermentation?

Sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

What uses air to spoil wine by turning it to vinegar?

Bacteria

What is pasteurization?

adding heat to kill harmful micro-organisms

What is an example temperature of pasteurization?

63 degrees C (145 F) maintained for 30 minutes

Who introduced the practice of handwashing in the 1840s?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Why did Ignaz Semmelweis introduce the practice of hand washing in hospitals?

to prevent transfer of germs from morgues to maternity ward

Who was the 1st to discover disease causing organisms and developed Koch’s postulates (with how disease spreads) in 1876?

Robert Koch

What did Payton Rous first show in?

viruses can cause tumors

Who was the first vaccine administered by and what year?

Edward Jenner in 1796

Definition of Antibiotics

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

What did Alexander Fleming do in 1928?

Accidentally discovered the first antibiotic called penicillin

What is the study of fungi called?

Mycology

What did Rebecca Lancefield do in 1895-1981?

She classified pathogenic Streptococci (strep throat) into several different groups based on chemical composition of their cell walls

Classification are known as Lancefield groups and range from A to V (excluding I and J)

What is the study of viruses called?

Virology

What did Dmitri Iwanowski first discover?

Viruses (tobacco mosaic virus)

In 1892 what experiment did Dmitri Iwanowski conduct?

an experiment that showed infectious agents causing tobacco mosaic disease could pass through filters that would normally trap bacteria

What did Tu Youyou do?

extracted artemisinin from the Chinese sage plant and used it to treat Malaria

She believed it would work, she volunteered to be the first human subject

What is an alternative instead of using chemical pesticides?

Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt)

What is Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt)

it is an infection that are fatal in many insets but harmless to animals and plants

What are microbes normally present on or in the human body called?

Normal microbiota

What are Biofilms?

when bacteria joins together as a group (bacterial gangs)

What can biofilms cause?

can cause infections

What can biofilms often be resistant to?

Antibiotics

Are Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) good or bad?

Bad

What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

a bacteria that becomes resistant to many antibiotics