CRIM100

Name the supreme court justices

1. Sonia Sotomayer
2. Clarence Thomas
3. John G. Roberts (Chief Justice)
4. Samuel A. Alito
5. Elena Kagan
6. Amy Coney Barrett
7. Neil M. Gorsuch
8. Brett. M Kavanaugh
9. Ketanji Brown Jackson

How many police forces are in the US

about 18,000

do the Miranda rights have to be read verbatim?

no

At which stage of the process does a judge determine if there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime?

preliminary hearing

Which case would be automatically appealed?

death penalty case

The 4-tiered ____ model of criminal justice begins with the premise that not all cases are handled in the same manner.

wedding cake

The due process model of criminal justice presumes that criminal defendants are innocent and that the courts’ first priority is protecting the constitutional rights of the accused.

true

The consensus theory of justice suggests that ____.

laws are based on the shared values and beliefs of a majority of the members of a society

The prosecutor can exercise discretion whether a defendant is guilty or innocent of the accused crime.

false

Which decision is an example of a corrections official exercising discretion?

deciding whether to grant a convicted criminal early release on parole.

States have enacted “three strikes” laws intended to remove the worst felons from society by putting them to death after they receive a conviction for their third felony.

False

The first formal step in the criminal justice process for most offenders is when police take a suspect into custody for the purpose of charging that person with a crime, which is known as an___.

arrest

The principles of the Declaration of Independence are similar to which of the following?

John Locke’s Second Treatise on Civil Government

In a civil case, the burden of proof on the party seeking damages is less than in a criminal matter.

true

Our modern system of law is based upon which of the following?

english common law

Which of the following are examples of federal law in the United States?

U.S. Constitution

U.S. Supreme Court decisions

Statutes enacted by Congress

Which of the following crimes would be known as a strict liability crime?

statutory rape

Common law describes the collections of rules, customs, and traditions of medieval England created during the reign of Henry II

true

The division of power between national government and local governments is referred to as ___.

federalism

Federal statutes are considered to be the “supreme law of the land”

false

Which crime is a combination of theft and assault?

robbery

The mechanisms for processing criminal cases are established by ____.

procedural law

Which of the following are examples of white-collar crime?

a medical company pleading guilty to price fixing on surgical supplies

lawyers knowingly filing unnecessary lawsuits, sometimes known as “ambulance chasing”

a company stealing trade secrets from a competitor

A person who believes that the criminal justice system primarily serves the interests of the dominant groups is likely aligned with which criminology theory?

social conflict

The two major, original schools of criminological thought are ___ and positivist

classical

The __ theory argues an increase in criminal activity that can be linked to the weakening of core social institutions, such as schools, churches, and families, within a community that has high rates of poverty, diversity, and population turnover.

social disorganization

Feminist theorists Freda Adler and Rita Simon proposed that increase in economic opportunity for women in the 1970s would lead to an increase in the ___.

rates of criminal behavior by women

Environmental criminology is also called crime science.

true

Which crime is most closely associated with contemporary urban violence in the United States?

carjacking

Which of the following statements most closely aligns with labeling theory?

calling a person a “deviant” may create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads to deviant behavior.

Which principles belong to the classical school of criminology?

criminal behavior is rational and most people have the potential to engage in such behavior, the punishment should fit the crime rather than the offender

Which theories focus on physical and psychological explanations for criminal behavior?

biological theories and trait theories

Social conflict theorists have linked capitalism to high crime rates

true

When using the ethical decision-making tool “the bell, the book, and the candle”, one considers “the candle” when determining ___.

whether one’s decision can withstand the light of day

Which of the following have been identified as norms of correctional work?

always support an officer in dispute with inmates

never make another officer look bad in front of the inmates

always go to the aid of an officer in distress

Police corruption is a narrowly defined term used to describe only the most severe instances of police officers participating in illegal activities for financial gain.

false

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) introduced a shorter version of the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics (LECE) called the Law Enforcement ___ to make it easier for officers to recall and apply on the job.

Oath of Honor

Rules or values that spell out “right” or “correct” human conduct, especially in a professional capacity, are known as ___.

ethics

Why might an individual’s value system be easily challenged in criminal justice work?

people in positions of power and authority may be tempted to use their position for special treatment or personal gain

Examining one’s duty to act, rather than the consequences of one’s actions, is an area of study for ___ ethics.

deontological

A situation in which one commits an unethical act for the greater good- for example, when a police officer bends the rules to that would otherwise require them to capture a serious offender- is known as ___.

noble cause corruption

Which ethical test are you using if you ask yourself, “Will this cause pain for another person?”

 test of hurting someone else.

A police officer that lies during the course of a criminal investigation is always in violation of the law.

false

Traffic investigations are considered secondary elements of policing.

true

For which of the following areas might a special-purpose state agency be formed?

alcohol and agriculture

What is the primary benefit of an agency’s hierarchal structure?

it established the chain of common and determines lines of communication and responsibility.

Most federal law enforcement agencies in the united States are found within the Department of Defense

false

Private officers’ rights and responsibilities include being ___.

allowed to carry guns

All of the following agencies are organized within the Department of Homeland Security except ___.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Which innovation is associated with August Vollmer?

alert systems

Which of the following are functions of the Department of homeland security?

fund technology that thwarts chemical weapons

facilitate the flow of migration in and out of the US

Which position in early England had the ability to bail people out of jail?

justice of the peace

How did the early police force in New York City differ from that of Europe?

the system was controlled by the city government and politicians

What statement is true of DNA evidence?

it is considered the most sophisticated and reliable type of physical evidence

Which type of physical evidence is typically considered to be the most reliable?

DNA

The two sides of criminal law are ___.

formality and reality

Which term is used to describe the concept that when any person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of evidence- in the form of fingerprints, hairs, fibers, and all manner of residue or other materials- will occur?

Locard’s Exchange Principle

Which of the following are among the four basic tasks of policing?

protecting the innocent

performing welfare tasks

enforcing the laws

All of the following factors enter into whether an officer will be stern or lenient in his or her approach except the ___.

location

Which tasks are responding personnel trained to carry out first upon arriving at a crime scene?

describe vehicles

What is the focus of criminalistics?

examining physical evidence related to crime

Which police strategy advocates that police identify the underlying causes of recurring incidents of crime and disorder?

problem-oriented policing

Which factor determines the difference between interrogations and interviews?

 the type of questions

Police supervisors who are not at the scene of a particular incident may still be held liable for injuries arising out of an official policy or custom of their department under the doctrine of vicarious liability.

true

Which is an example of police brutality?

Officer Grey yells racial slurs to wake a sleeping homeless man. 

Police officers are permitted to use force- up to and including lethal force- with the expectation that they will use it only ___.

as a last resort

Which statements apply to women police officers, based on the research of the National Center for Women and Policing?

they are less likely than male officers to use excessive force

they implement community-oriented policing and problem solving

they are as competent as their male counterparts

Which of the following refers to a pillar of procedural justice?

fairness to all

Which scenario would be considered police brutality?

an officer uses profanity and racial slurs when interviewing a citizen

an officer uses a nightstick to beat a sleeping citizen unconscious

The percentage of local police officers today who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups is more than double the percentage of local police officers today who are female

true

Procedural justice is concerned with the outcome of a case, rather than the process taken to get there.

false

Law enforcement needs a warrant to access a person’s smartphone to see when it was used and when messages were sent.

false

Which term describes the unnecessary use of force by police against citizens?

police brutality

A police officer is allowed to claim that they have a search warrant even if they do not.

false

The standard for legal arrest, as well as search and seizure, is a(n) ___.

probable cause

Which type of evidence is prohibited from use in a trial under the exclusionary rule?

any illegally obtained evidence

The Luis v. United States (2016) case is important for established which guidelines regarding freezing assets before trial?

pretrial restraint of legitimate and untainted assets was deemed unconstitutional

A suspect who does not respond to questions is not automatically invoking his or her rights under Miranda by remaining silent; the suspect must specifically say he or she is choosing to remain silent.

true

In the case Luis v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendant’s right to hire an attorney using her own money was violated because the courts froze all of her assets prior to trial.

true

If you sign a written document swearing under oath that you have knowledge someone has committed a crime, then you have sworn a(n) __.

affadavit

Searches incident to a lawful arrest are limited to the ___.

the area within the arrestee’s reach or an area from which they may grab a weapon

A police officer can add to the probable cause to make an arrest if he or she gains more facts after the time of the arrest.

false

One of the most significant aspects of the Fifth Amendment is protection ___.

against self-incrimination

The American legal system, in which there is a contest between two opposing sides, is known as the ___ system

adversarial

The court system participates in policy making by creating laws that frequently affect our daily lives

false

How long must a jury deliberate?

until they reach a verdict

Which term applies to the intermediate court of appeals that sits between U.S. district courts and the U.S. Supreme Court?

circuit court

What happens at a preliminary hearing?

a judge determines whether probable cause is sufficient against the accused to proceed to trial.

How are tablets and apps used in court?

presenting evidence

The dual court system of the United States includes which two systems?

state and federal

Which clerical procedure involves having the accused fingerprinted, photographed, and questioned?

booking

In which ways have the nation’s courts had an impact on prisons?

they extended recognition of the consitutional right of free speech for prisoners

they reinforced adoption of national standards for prisons

they abolished the South’s plantation model of prisons

What is the first stop for an appeal in the state courts?

intermediate court of appeals

Which traits are components of “good judging” according to the text?

a good judge is aware of the need for intellectual humility

a good judge remembers that he or she is not omnipotent

What are the two categories of affirmative defenses?

justifications and excuses

The judge, prosecutor, and clerk are among courtroom actors who all work together to move cases through the court system as members of the ___.

courtroom work group

Affirmative defenses involve a defendant arguing that the act occurred without mens rea

true

Which set of guidelines outlines appropriate behavior judges should exhibit and demand of others in the courtroom?

Moral Code of Judicial Conduct

In which method of state judicial selection does a nominating commission recommend qualified candidates to the governor?

merit selection

Defense attorneys ensure that “effective counsel” is provided for the accused, as guaranteed in the ___ Amendment.

Sixth