History Exam2

Western Civilization

What were the most significant results of the "Glorious Revolution"?

It was the establishment of the constitutional monarchy where the monarch was limited by parliament and the bill of rights

What did Louis XIV learn from the Fronde? In other words how did the Fronde shape the way Louis XIV would ultimately rule France?

As a result of the fronde he believed that the most important job was to preserve order so that he could control the nobles

What were the results of the Wars of Louis XIV?

It restored France as a dominate power, making it respected and the most feared. It had strengthen Britain (France's most vital enemy), weakened France, the economy was exhausted, social structure was strained, un popular government and the beginning of the revolution

What were the key developments and specific events that led to the emergence of Austria, Prussia, and Russia as the "Great Powers" in the late seventeenth century?

Austria- military success; Prussia- powerful army; Russia- great northern war

Whigs

major American political party

Tories

a Conservative Party

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments of the constitution

Act of Settlement

act of parliament to ensure protestant succession to the English throne

Act of Union

historical acts created by Great Britain to unify England and Scotland

Nobles of the Robe

apart of the aristocracy, part of their problem because this was one part of the divided aristocracy

Frederick William the "Great Elector"

Grew up during the 30yrs war and decided Prussia must develop a powerful army

The Junkers

Prussian aristocracy

The Great Northern War

20yrs between Sweden and Russia, Russia wins and emerges as a dominate power in north and got territory of Baltic Sea

What made the Enlightened Despotism different from divine right absolute monarchy?

Its a modification of divine absolutism and argues that they are trying to improve citizens lives, attempt to resolve state problems through science, supports education, art and science

What was the Balance of Power deigned to accomplish? What were the most important forces operating against the Balance of Power during the eighteenth century?

Designed to prevent any single nation or group of nations from becoming so powerful that it could dominate. Rivalry between Britain and France, rise of Prussia and Russia

What were the primary results of the war for control of Germany?

Prussia's rise to dominance over Austria, the unification of most German states, and a major shift in the European balance of power

What were the primary results of the Great War for Empire?

Great Britain emerged as the world's leading colonial power, collapse of French power in North America, and massive debts in Britain

In what ways did the American Revolution impact developments in Europe?

Sparks the revolution through successful spread of enlightenment ideals like popular sovereignty and natural rights

Peace of Hubertusburg

leads to the growth of Prussian power

Peace of Paris

Ends the war for empire

How did the French Revolution change the course of Western Civilization?

popularize ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Lead to the spread of republicanism and nationalism across Europe and the Americas

What were the four primary long-term causes of the French Revolution, and how did they each specifically contribute to the tensions that led to the outbreak of revolution?

Social Strains- destroys the old regime and ushers in the modern world; Enlightenment- belief in improvement and emergence of "public sphere" or public places; Financial Crisis- public debt, system of taxation, inflation, and unemployment; King Louis XIV- tex reform, indecisive, and focused on hobbies

What were the elements of the French financial crisis in the years before the Revolution?

Massive public debt, taxation system, inflation and unemployment

Why was Paris so significant during the French Revolution?

Most radical elements break out of revolution which has a major influence

Why did the French people so thoroughly despise the queen, Marie Antoinette?

She wasn't French and people saw her as lavish, wasteful and and extravagant spender

What was the Estates General? What did the following groups hope to achieve by calling the Estates General into session? (1) King Louis XIV; (2) the aristocracy; (3) the bourgeoise

The estates general was a legislative assembly of France's three social orders. King Louis XIV- gain approval for new taxes and reforms; Aristocracy- establish a constitutional monarchy that limited the king's power; Bourgeoise- lead an English style democracy

What were the key issues that confronted the Estates General? How did those issues contribute to the failure of the Estates General?

Key issues- social inequity, immense debt, bad tax system, and disputes over voting rights; It caused deep divisions over voting, financial mismanagement and third estate demanding more power

How and why do these two events- the proclamation of the National Assembly and the Tennis Court Oath- represent the beginning of the French Revolution?

It challenged the absolute authority of the monarchy and asserting that sovereignty lays with the people

Taille

Land tax

Ferme General

Tax farming

Madame Deficit

Nickname for Marie Antoinette, called this because people saw her as wasteful, lavish and an extravagant spender while most people were in poverty

What were the sources of tension that led to the storming of the Bastille?

Collapse of the old regime and growing presence of troops

What was the significance of this monumental event, the storming of the Bastille?

Saves the National Assembly, first time the working class intervened, and introduces bloodshed into the revolution

What were the "August Decrees," and why were they significant?

The end of the old regime, (exemption from the taxation abolished, French people are equal)

What groups dominated the second stage of the French Revolution, and what was its tone?

Jacobins and Montagnards. The tone was very violent, with repression and paranoia becoming known as the Reign of Terror

What were the "October Days," and what happened? Why was it significant?

It was a demonstration for lower bread prices by Persian women, they marched into Versaille to confront the king while heavily armed. They force the king, queen and assembly to return to Paris with the promise of bread, the kind agrees to recognize the assembly

What were the four key developments that characterized the second (National Assembly) phase of the French Revolution?

Constitution of 1791, undermined the church, political division, and other states get nervous

What were the characteristics of the new constitution of 1791, and how did it change the French Government?

It established constitutional monarchy with legislative assembly and two kings with power limits and government introduced reform, religious toleration, and careers open with talent and skill not title

How did the French Revolution affect the Catholic Church in France?

All lands owned by church were confined by National Assembly as a way to deal with the financial crisis

Why did Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee France? What were the consequences of the "Flight to Varennes"?

He wanted to rally foreign support for a counter-revolution and this caused French people to get more hostile and several monarchs were convinced that the king and his family were held as prisoners

What led to the outbreak of war between France and Austria/Prussia in 1792?

The fear of the spread of French Revolution ideals and their desire to restore King Louis XVI

Jaques Necker

played a key role in convoking the Estates-General leading to the French Revolution. Known for his efforts in financial reform

The Great Fear

A period of panic and riot by peasants and others amidst the rumors of "aristocracy conspiracy" by the king and privileged to overthrow the third estate

The "Sans-culottes"

common people of the lower class who became radical and militant partisans of French Revolution as response to poor quality of life

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

human and civil rights document from the French revolution. Recognizes equality

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

subordinated the catholic church to the French state, transforming it and requiring clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the nation and constitution

Declaration of Pillnitz

statement of support for the French monarchy and a warning to the French revolutionaries to restore King Louis XVI to his full powers

What groups dominated the third stage of the French Revolution? Why, and in what ways, did the tone of this third stage change from moderation in the earlier part of the Revolution?

Moderates and Conservatives dominated. This ended the reign of terror and the world began to calm down, less violent and chaotic

What actions were taken by radicals, such as the Jacobins, to move the revolution deeper into chaos, and, ultimately, the abolition of the monarchy?

They want too find and kill any and all conspirators

The Jacobins

Get the upper hand and believe that current military disasters are treason on the king

Brunswick Manifesto

Jacobins want to kill all conspirators, angry mobs, and elections

The Guillotine

An improvement from the sword, more humane and more efficient executions

How did the execution of King Louis XVI trigger counter-revolution in France?

The situation in France deteriorates and after his Louis XVI's death the revolution moved to the reign of terror

What was the Committee of Public Safety? What were their objectives? What were the methods they used to achieve those objectives?

Set to support bread riots, crush counter-revolution and win the war. They were prepared to take ANY action and send representatives

What were the principal military innovations introduced by the Committee of Public Safety? What were the results of those innovations?

Conscription- draft on nation wide scale, promotes officers on base of merit/skill; Results- wars increase in curiosity and a huge enthusiastic French army was led by big officers

What groups dominated the fourth stage of the French Revolution?

The directory, moderate bourgeoise, moderate republicans and thermidorians

What was the Directory's and what were the problems it confronted?

It was a conservative reaction to all of the violence and insanity. Problems include, corruptness, inflation not fixed, no end to the war and political threats

In what ways did Napoleon change the course of history?

Established the largest continental empire (change warfare), spread reforms of French Revolution, spread of nationalism and a model for dictators

What were the key elements and developments in Napoleon's rise to power?

Rise against national convention happens in Toulon and he is on his own accord and recaptures oit bringing him attention to committee of public safety. Promote him to general. Incarnation in Paris of conservatives and reactionaries driven to restore monarchy, directory order Napoleon to fix it and use "a whiff of Grapeshot" crushing it. Given command of French troops that were about to invade northern Italy because of his success

Maximilien Robespierre

His execution represents the end of the reign if terror

The Noyades

An execution carried out by drowning

"Thermidorian Reaction"

A reaction to the violence and insanity

Constitution of 1795

The decision of authority going to 5 men of the directory

The Northern Italian Campaign

Established French dominance over northern Italy

The Consulate

New government, consulate with 3 consuls and Napoleon as first consul

Plebiscite

Voting for a single bishop with one question

What were the most important domestic accomplishments of Napoleon?

Creation of napoleonic code and stabilization of post-revolutionary French economy, reforming education, and establishing new relationships with the Catholic Church

In what ways was Napoleon a "military genius"?

The continental system, growing perception of his arrogance and the emergence of nationalism

What were the important features of Napoleon's "Grand Empire"?

Featured direct control over annexed territories and allied with states

What were the major factors that contributed to growing opposition to Napoleon?

Continental system, growing perception of his arrogance and emergence of nationalism

What was the significance of the 1812 Russia campaign?

Biggest opposition, Russia cut trade, engaged in "scorched earth" and his forces went deeper and deeper without battle

How was Napoleon finally defeated?

Put into exile on an island in south Atlantic

Napoleonic Code

Codification of law, unified law, durable, and still the basis of today

Concordat of 1801

Reconcile with the church and with Napoleon knowing/understanding that the church attacks alienated a significant number of people and domestic reforms

Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon's navy was defeated in this battle

Beethoven's Third Symphony

Dedicated to Napoleon until opposing views arose

The Continental System

Prohibited trade with Britain which in turn hurt the economy

Battle of Leipzig

Napoleon's army was defeated and this recognized the breaking point for Napoleon

The Island of Elba

The small island where Napoleon was first exiled to

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon and his new army fought a major battle and Napoleon was defeated sending him to an island in the south Atlantic for exile

What was nationalism? How did it contribute to the outbreak of the three waves of revolution during the years after 1815?

Process by which people are aware they represent a distinct community. Nations divided into multiple states and nations live under foreign denomination

What was republicanism? How did it contribute to the outbreak of the three waves of revolution during the years after 1815?

Also known as "radicalism", in favor of constitutional republic, universal suffrage, social contract and terror

What was liberalism? How did it contribute to the outbreak of the three waves of revolution during the years after 1815?

Expresses the interests of middle class. laws made by national representative and ministerial responsibility

What was socialism? How did it contribute to the outbreak of the three waves of revolution during the years after 1815?

Expresses the interests of proletariats or working class. Believe community is more important than individuality and that economic distribution is unjust

What was conservatism? How did it contribute to the outbreak of the three waves of revolution during the years after 1815?

Follows napoleonic wars and french revolution is dominate. It was a reaction against French Revolution. It had an emphasis on obedience to political authority, religion was significant, hostile to enlightenment philosophy and based on the respect for tradition

What were the major arguments of (1) Edmund Burke; (2) Adam Smith; (3) Karl Marx?

(1) Edmund Burke- revolution was horrid because its defiance of traditional institutions; (2) Adam Smith- best way for economic growth was to leave the economy alone; (3) Karl Marx- capitalism produces class conflict, workers are payed low wages, work long hours, and have unsafe living/working conditions while capitalists get rich

Who were the most important diplomats at the Congress of Vienna? What were their individual objectives?

Klemans von Metternich- restore traditional monarchies and create a conservative stable order; Lord Castlereagh- achieve balance of power in Europe bye making sure no single country could threaten Britain's security; Tsar Alexander I- gain control over Poland and establish an alliance; Prince Karl August von Hardenberg- acquire territory of Poland for Prussia; Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord- ensure survival of France as a united nation

What were the objectives of the Congress of Vienna collectively, as a whole? How did they intend to achieve those objectives?

As a whole they wanted to restore the balance fo power and prevent future conflicts. They intended to do so through territorial reconstruction and creation of alliances

What were the accomplishments of the Congress of Vienna?

They reestablished a balance of power, restores monarchies, and established new borders to prevent French dominance

What were the major causes of the revolutions of 1820 and 1830? What were the results?

Caused by liberal and nationalist movements and established constitutional monarchies

What were the major causes of the revolutions of 1848-1849? What were the results?

Caused by widespread hardship, crop failure, and industrial depression. Resulted in significant reforms

What were the three key stages of the Revolutions of 1848-1849?

Initial success of liberal and nationalists uprising, the growing division among revolutionaries and the ultimate conservative counter- revolution

The "Vienna Settlement"

Restored monarchs and set up German Confederation

Louis Philippe

Relied on bourgeoise support and embraced liberal constitutional monarchy

The June Days

Refers to a bloody civil uprising in france in response to plans to close national workshops

The Frankfurt Parliament

First freely elected parliament for all German states

Louis Napoleon

Oversaw France's second empire, and was apart of a period of significant economic modernization and infrastructure development