psyc1002

factor analysis

the correlation among variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

what does a high correlation between variables mean

a single factor influences on them all

big five: women are higher on..

agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness

what does the id act according to

pleasure (primary-process thinking), unconscious

what does the ego act according to

reality (secondary-process thinking), mediates between id and external social world

what does the superego act according to, when does it emerge out of the ego

morality, emerges out at 3-5

anxiety attributed to the ego means

worrying abt:

• id getting out of control = consequences

• superego getting out of control = guilt

rationalization

defence mech: creating false but possible excuses to justify behaviour

repression

defence mech: keeping distress through and feelings deep in the unconsious

projection

defence mech: attributing your thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person

displacement

defence mech: diverting feelings from the source to a target

reaction formation

defence mech: behaving opposite to your feelings

regression

defence mech: reverting to immature behaviour patterns

identification

defence mech: improving self-esteem by forming a real or imaginated alliance with a person or group

sublimation

defence mech: when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channelled into socially acceptable/admirable behaviour

freud says that personality is laid down by __ yrs old

5

each stage in the psychosexual stages is the ____ pleasure focused on a diff body part

id’s

oral stage age range + characteristic of

0-18 months

breast to bottle

anal stage age range + characteristic of

18 months - 3 yrs

potty training

phallic stage age range + characteristic of

3-6 years

overcoming oedipus complex

what is penis envy, when does it occur

girls blaming their mothers for their anatomical difference, phallic stage

latency stage age range+ characteristic of

6 years - puberty

interacting with same sex peers

genital stage age range + characteristic of

puberty-adult

intimate relationships with opp sex

what are the layers of the unconscious according to Jung

• personal unconscious = not within awareness bc it is repressed or forgotten, individual experiences

• collective unconscious = memories inherited from ancestral past, identical in each person

what does adler say is the source of human motivation, why

striving for superiority

overcoming inferiority complex in childhood

is there a correlation between personality and birth order

no

what is compensation, caused by?

efforts to overcome imagined/real inferiorities by developing your abilities

parental neglect or pampering

what does horney say about infantile sexuality

not as important on personality as a need for sense of security

• relationship with parents:

  • move towards people

  • move away from people

  • move against people

who says free will is an illusion

skinner

response tendencies are aquired through.. and most are shaped by?

learning

operant conditioning (rewards and consequences)

who says learning from others can mold personality

bandura

what is social cognitive theory

personality reflects your intentions with the environment

how people think abt the world and interpret what happens to them

what is reciprocal determinism

cognition, behaviour and environment work together to form personality

what is self-efficacy

your beliefs about your abilities to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes

who says situational factors shape behaviour, how

mischel

• make choices we think lead to reinforcment

• both personality traits and situational factors determine behaviour

what is the phenomenological approach

you have to appreciate personal subjective experiences to understand behaviour

what is the self-concept

collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviours

what is the dunning-krueger effect

cognitive bias where individuals with low/no expertise in specific situations are unaware of having no knowledge

incongruence

disparity between self-concept and reality

congruence

self concept is accurate

conditional love from parents leads to what

incongruence

self-discrepancy

discrepancy between actual self and ought and ideal self

ought self

beliefs about who we should be

ideal self

beliefs about the person we want to be

promotion vs prevention focused goals

promotion = advancement in mind

prevention = avoiding neg experiences

what is self-regulation

self’s ability to alter its actions and behaviours

what is the order of the hierarchy of needs

self actualization < esteem needs < belonging and love needs < safety needs < physiological needs

self-actualizing persons

healthy personalities engaged in personal growth

what does eysenck say

personality emerges from ENP (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism)

personality determined by genes

introverts are conditined easier than extroverts?

true

extroversion is correlated with what part of the brain

reward brain regions

neuroticism is correlated with what part of the brain

negative emotions area

conscioustioness is correlated with what part of the brain

planning area

extraversion is correlated positively to..

attractiveness

ability to recognize traits in others and natural selection caused what

big five factors

types of narcissism + gender disparities

• grandiose: very evident

  • males score higher

• vulnerable: hidden

  • no gender disparities

what is the dark triad

machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism

• sadism = 4th trait for dark tetrad

self-enhancement

focus on pos feedback from others, seeing yourself as above average, exagerating strengths

hindsight bias

moulding your interpretation of the past to how events turned out

attractive people tend to..

• command more attention

• thought to have good traits

at what age do children start making similar judgments to adults based on looks

3-4 years

__________ is predictive of who will take on what role

attraction

social schemas

organized clusters of ideas abt categories of social events and people

social schemas can be due to…

• personal experience

• shared cultural background

self-schema

beliefs, memories, and generalizations about your behaviour in a given domain

stereotype

beliefs that people have certain characteristics belong to a group

steretopyes are

• automatic

• fosters inaccurate perceptions and ignores diversity within groups

illusory correlation

people estimate that theyve encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they acc have

confirmatory bias

we recall acts that fit within our schemas and stereotypes

elvuotionary perspective on bias

• bias is adaptive to ancestral environment

• tendency to categorize others = ancestors need to seperate friend from foe

ingroup

group that one belongs to and identify with

outgroup

group that one doesnt belong to nor identify with

attribution

inferences we draw about the cause of events, others behaviour, and our own behaviour

fundamental attribution error

observers describe others behaviour using internal factors

• easier to justify than situational/external factors

actor-observer bias

describe same event differently

actors = favour external attributions

observer = favour internal attributions

self-serving bias

attribute one’s success to personal/internal factors and failures to situational/external factors

defensive attribution

blame victims for their misfortunates so that we feel less likely to be victimized

_____ cultures are less susceptible to the fundamentl attribution error

collectivism

_____ cultures: self-serving bias is prevalent

individualistic

key determinant of romantic attraction

physical attraction

correlation between romantic popularity and physical attractiveness in men and women

men = 0.47

women = 0.76

matching hypothesis

people equally attractive are most likely to date

mate poach

two partners not equally attractive = most attractive lured away

mate choice copy

when someone less attractive than their partner = sexual preferences influences by the choices others make

what kind of love lights up the dopamine circuits

passionate love

romantic love

intimacy + passion

companionate love

intimacy + commitment

fatuous love

passion + commitment

consummate love

intimacy + passion + commitment

passionate love is a prerequisite in ______ cultures

individualistic

passionate love is not a prerequisite in ______ cultures

collectivist

martial breakups %: online vs in person meeting

online = 5.96

person = 7.67

what ratio of men prefer low waist to hip ratio

0.70

what is the ideal lumbar curvature

45.5

strippers earn ___% more tips when peak fertile

58

what are attitudes

pos/neg evaluations of objects of thought

three components of attitudes

• cognitive = beliefs about the object of an attitude

• affective = emotions stimulated by object of thought

• behavioural = predispositions to act a certain way

ambivalent attitudes

conflict including pos and neg feelings about an attitude

attitudes are ____ predictors of behaviour, correlation =

mediocre, 0.41

explicit attitude

attitudes we hold consciously and we can describe