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define hay equivalents
coined by German agronomist Albrecht Thaer, hay equivalents refer to the compared relative nutritive values of different feeding stuffs (lb per 100 lb hay)
identify some problems with hay equivalents
forages are very variable in terms of nutritive value
lack of precise units/measurements
define the Weende (or Proximate) Feed Analysis System
Developed in 1858 in Germany, the basis for the first energy unit used in animal feeding called TDN (total digestible nutrients), still used today as the basis for guaranteed analysis on commercial feed tags.
TDN requirements equation:
TDN = % Dig. CP + % Dig. CF + % Dig. NFE + % Dig. EE x 2.25
in the TDN system, ether extract (EE) is multiplied by:
2.25
what are the Atwater factors?
carbohydrates: 4 kcals
proteins: 4 kcals
fats: 9 kcals
define ration
a food allowance for one day, determined especially by supply
formulated ration
expressed in a formula (ex. CP%, TDN%)
balanced ration
nutrients supplied = nutrients required
offered ration
the amount of each feed offered
consumed ration
the amount of feeds or nutrients actually consumed
how to formulate a ration
determine nutrient requirements
2. list the feeds that can provide the nutrients
3. determine the amount of each feed needed to meet requirements
4. determine cost of the ration
Note 
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