Chemistry- CH.1- Coal And Petroleum

Peat is a ____________ of coal

precussor

Peat is used in _______ and _______ as __________ ____.

Ireland, Finland, industrial fuel

Lowest ranked coal-

Lignite

Lignite is used as fuel for ____________________

electricity generation

Bituminous coal

Dense sedimentary rock, normally black coloured, but can be dark brown.

What is Bituminous coal used for?

Used as fuel in steam electric power generation, used in the manufacturing of steel and cement bcuz high carbon content.

Anthracite

Hard, glossy, black coal

Highest quality coal

Anthracite

Which coal is used primarily for residential and commercial heating?

Anthracite

Anthracite can be altered in other types of coal and _______________

Petrified oil

Petrification

The process by which organic material becomes fossil fuel through replacement of it.

Destructive distillation

The process of heating coal to 1000-1100C in the absence of air for it to decomose into its constituents like coal gas, coke, coal tar, and Ammoniacal liquor.

Water gas formula

C (coke) +H2O(g) —> <CO (carbon monoxide) + H2 (Hydrogen)>

Producer gas formula

2C (coke) +O2 + 4N2 —> <2CO (carbon monoxide) +4N2>

Coke

Tough, porous, black substance

Constituent of coal that is almost pure form of carbon

Coke

Coke is used in-

Manufacture of steel and extraction of many metals

Coal tar

Thick black liquid with an unpleasant smell

Which constituent of coal is a mixture of 200+ substances?

Coal tar

What is coal tar used for?

It is used in manufacturing of explosives, perfumes, synthetic dyes and napthalene balls (moth repellant).

What was coal tar used for and what is it replaced by?

It was used for metalling the roads but has now been replaced by bitumen

What is coal gas obtained from?

D. Distillation of coal to get coke

What was coal gas used for, when was the 1st time it was used for that purpose, and what is it used for now?

It was used for street lighting for the 1st time in London in 1810 and in New York around 1820, but it is now used as an industrial fuel and a heat source.

What are 5 major uses of coal

• Electricity generation

• Raw material in the steel industry

• Fuel for heat boilers

• Fuel for cooking food

• Used in metallurgy

Carbonization

The process of formation of coal from dead vegetation

What is Ammoniacal Liquor formed from and where is it used?

It is formed from compounds released during D. Distillation, and is used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Natural resources and its types?

A natural resource is obtained from nature directly. Its types are Exhaustible Natural resources and Inexhaustible Natural resources.

How is coal formed?

About 300 mil. years ago, Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas and due to natural causes, they got buried under the soil. As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. Increased pressure and temperature caused the dead plants to be converted into coal.

Petroleum, and what words is it derived from?

Naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid found beneath the earth’s surface. It is derived from petra (rock) and oleum (oil).

Where and when was the world’s first oil well drilled, When and where was oil discovered in India for the first time, and where in India is oil found?

The 1st oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859, oil struck India by 1867 at Makum in Assam, and in India, oil is found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High and in the river basins of Godavari and Krishna.

How was petroleum made?

It was formed from the organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, abscence of air, high temp. and pressre made the organisms into petroleum and natural gas.

Refining

The process of separating various constituents of petroleum is known as refining

Where is refining carried out

A petroleum refinery

Petrochemicals and their uses

The useful substances obtained from petroleum and natural gas are petrochemicals, and they are used for manufacturing detergents, fibres, and polythene.

Fractional distillation

It is a separation process used to refine petroleum on the basis of difference in boiling points

Other name of petroleum

Black gold

Uses of LPG

Fuel for homes and industries

Uses of petrol

Motor and aviation fuel, and solvent for dry cleaning

Uses of Kerosene

Fuel for stoves, lamps, and jet aircraafts.

Uses of diesel

Fuel for heavy motor vehicles and electricity generators

Use of Lubricating oil

Lubrication

Uses of paraffin wax

Making ointments, candles and vaseline.

Uses of Bitumen

Paints, road surfacing/metaling.

Natural gas and its composition

It is a naturally occuring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane (>80%), 7 % ethane, 6% propane, 4% butane

Where has Natural gas been found in India?

It can be found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Assam, and in the Krishna- Godavari delta

How is CNG formed?

It is formed by compressing Natural gas to <1% of its volume at standard atmospheric temparature

CNG full form

Compressed Natural Gas

Why is CNG considered as a clean fuel and what are its advantages?

• Burns easily, with a lot of heat, with smokeless flame and causes no air pollution

• Does not produce harmful gas on burning

• Easily transportable through pipes in Vadodara, Gujarat, in some parts of Dehli etc.

Because of the above reasons, CNG is considered a clean fuel.

Uses of Natural gas

• Burns readily and is used as a fuel in homes, automobiles, and industries

• It is also used in the generation of electricity and for heating

• When strongly heated in the absence of air, it decomposes into carbon and hydrogen

What is the formula for decomposition of Natural gas into Carbon and Hydrogen

CH4 (methane/Natural gas) —> (under strong heat and abscence of air) C + 2H2

Calorific value of Natural gas

50000 kJ/kg

Preparation of synthetic natural gas, and is it feasable?

Powdered coal + Hydrogen —> (under high temparature and pressure, and needing a catalyst) Synthetic petroleum + Residue (CH4), and it is not feasible because of the resources it consumes.

LPG and its full form?

When petroleum Gas, obtained from F. Distillation of petroleum is subjected to high pressure at room temparature, it gets liquified. Its full form is Liquified Petroleum Gas

Composition of LPG?

it is a mixture of Butane (C4H10), Propane(C3H8), and Ethane(C2H6), with the main consitituent being Butane.

Properties of LPG?

• It is odourless

• Forms explosive mixture with air

• Hazardous if not handled carefully

• A strong-smelling substance, ethyl mercaptor (C2H5SH) is mixed with LPG to detect its leakage.

Advantages of LPG?

• High calorific value

• Burns easily

• No residue, smoke or pollutants

• Complete combustion

How to conserve exhaustible natural resources?

• Use CFLs instead of bulbs

• Use public transport as much as possible, and walk/cycle over small distances

• Switch off fans, lights, etc. when not in use.

• Use ACs, coolers, heaters etc. only when needed.

• Reduce flames while cooking and once water starts to boil, save fuel.

• Use pressure cooers for cooking.

• Reduce cooking time by soaking pulses before cooking and keeping vessels covered while cooking.

What are some PCRA tips and what is its full form?

• Drive at a constant, moderate speed for as far as possible.

• Switch off the engine at a place where you have to wait, like traffic jams.

• Ensure correct tyre pressure

• Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.

The full form of PCRA is Petroleum Conservation Research Association