Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab practical 4

Fibrous joints

Connections between two bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue

• Little to no movement

• usually synarthroses or amphiarthroses

examples of fibrous joint

• coronal suture

Cartilaginous joints

Hold two bones together by a pad of cartilage

• little to no movement

• usually synarthroses or amphiarthroses

example of cartilaginous joints

• pubic symphysis

synovial joints

contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones

• normally freely movable

• diarthrosis

example of synovial joint

• bursa of the knee

• glenohumeral joint

example of hinge joints

• knee joint (tibiofemoral)

• elbow joints (ulnohumeral joint)

example of ball and socket joints

• hip joints (acetabulofemoral)

• shoulder joints (glenohumeral)

Flexion

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together

• angular

Extension

straigtening movement that increases the angle of the joint to straigten the articulating bones

• angular

hyperextension

extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position (180 degrees)

• angular

plantar flexion

movement of the foot toward the plantar surface (as when standing on toes)

• angular

Dorsiflexion

movement of the foot toward the shin (as when walking on the heels)

• angular

lateral flexion

bending at the waist to one side

• angular

abduction

movement away from the midline'

• angular

adduction

movement toward the midline

• angular

rotation

turning of a structure around its long axis

• as in rotating the head to shake the head no

• or rotating the arm or the entire body

  • circular

Medial vs lateral rotation

• Medial rotation of the humerus with the forearm flexes/brings the hand toward the body

• lateral rotation of the humerus brings the hand away from the body

Pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to anatomical position

• circular

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to anatomical position

• circular

elevation

moves a structure superiorly

• as in elevation of the scapula

  • special

Depression

moves a structure inferiorly

• as in depression of the scapula

  • special

lateral excursion

moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline

medial excursion

returns the mandible to the midline position

Origin, insertion, and action of temporalis

origin: temporal fossa

insertion: mandibular ramus and coronoid process

action: elevates mandible

O, I, A of sternocleidomastoid muscle

origin: manubrium and clavicle

insertion: mastoid process and superior nuchal line

action: flexes neck

O, I, and A of rectus abdominus

origin: pubic crest and symphysis

insertion: xiphoid process and inferior ribs (5-7)

action: compresses abdomen

O, I, and A of Pectoralis major

origin: clavicle, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6 and sternum

insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus and intertubercular crest

action internally rotates arm

O, I, and A of Latissimus dorsi

origin: ilium, spinous processes of T7-S3, ribs 10-12

insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus

action: internallly (medially) rotates arm

O, I, and A of Biceps brachii

Origin:

• long head: glenoid fossa

• short head: coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: radial tuberosity

Action: flexes elbow

O, I, A of triceps brachii

Origin:

• long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

• lateral and medial head: humerus

insertion: olecranon process of ulna

Action: extends elbow

O, I, A of deltoid

origin: clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine

insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

action: abducts arm

O, I, A of Extensor digitorum

origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

insertion: 4 tendons and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

action: extends digits 2-5 at MCP joint and wrist

O, I, A of Flexor digitorum superficialis

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, radius

Insertion: 4 tendons that divide and attach to the sides of the medial phalanges of fingers 2-5

Action: flexes wrist

O, I, A of Iliopsoas

Origin:

• Iliacus: ilium

• psoas major & minor: intervertebral cartilages, along bodies and transverse processes of L1-L5, body of T12, sacrum

Insertion

• Iliacus: lesser trochanter of femur and shaft

• psoas major and psoas minor: pectinal line and iliopectineal eminence of ilium

action: flexion of hip

O, I, A of Gluteus Maximus

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and lumbar fascia

Insertion: greater trochanter of femur, gluteal tuberosity of femur

action: extension of hip

O, I, and A of Rectus femoris

Origin: iliac spine and acetabulum

Insertion: patella

action: extension of knee

O, I, A of biceps femoris

origin:

• long head: iscial tuberosity of coxal bone

• short head: linea aspera and lateral condyle of femur

insertion: lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula

action: extension of hip, flexes knee

O, I, A of gastrocnemius

Origin:

• Medial head: medial condyle of femur

• lateral head: lateral condyle of femur

insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

action: plantar flexion of ankle

O, I, A of Tibialis anterior

Origin: Tibia

insertion: medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone

action: inversion of the foot

O, I, A of suprapsinatus

Origin: supraspinous fossa of the scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

Action: stabilizes GHJ

O, I, A of Infraspinatus

Origin: infraspinous fossa of the scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

action: Stabilizes GHJ

O, I, A of Teres minor

Origin: lateral border of the scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

action: stabilizes GHJ

O, I, A of subscapularis

origin: subscapular fossa of scapula

insertion:: lesser tubercle of humerus

action: stabilizes GHJ

Iliopsoas

pectoralis major

latissimus dorsi

extensor digitorum

flexor digitorum superficialis

rectus femoris

biceps femoris

gastrocnemius

tibialis anterior

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

Teres minor

subscapularis