evolution

What is Charles Darwin’s theory called

Theory of Natural Selection

Whats the name of Charles Darwin’s book?

On the Origin of species

Whats the name of the boat Charles Darwin was on?

HMS beagle

Whats the name of the islands Charles Darwin was on?

Galapagos Islands

What does an odd number of chromosomes cause you to be?

sterile

Which scientists theory goes with “Survival of the fittest”?

Darwin

Whats the name of the main animal Charles Darwin studied?

finch

What was Lamarck’s theory called?

Theory of acquired characteristics

Which scientist’s theory had to do with use and disuse

Lamarck

Lamarck said that change happened

within an organisms lifetime

Darwin said that change happened

through generations

What was the name of Lyell’s book?

Principles of Geology

Which scientists studied the rock layers?

Hutton and Lyell

What are the rock layers called?

strata

What is uniformitarianism?

same forces that changed earth in the past are the same that operate today and will in the future

Which scientist witnessed poverty in the streets of London

Malthus

What did Malthus state are the reasons that populations are limited?

War, disease, and resources

What is artificial selection?

humans select the traits they want or find most useful called selective breeding

What is natural selection?

organisms that are best suited to the environment survive and reproduce

What is fitness?

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

What is adaptation?

an inherited characteristic that increases chance of survival

What is common descent?

all species, living or dead, come from a common ancestor.

What is the Fossil record?

record of history of life on earth

What is the Law of Superposition

invertical strata, the oldest layers are on the bottom and the youngest are on top

What is convergent evolution?

2 or more unrelated species appear to be very similar

What is divergent evolution?

2 or more related species appear to be very dissimilar

What are homologous structures

same structure, different function

What are analogous structures

different structure, same function

What are vestigial structures?

reduced function of parts used by ancestors that are not used in modern organisms

What is mimicry?

one organism copies or mimics another organism for protection

What is camouflage?

an organism blends in with its surroundings for its protection

What is morphology

the study of internal and external structure and appearance of an organism

What is embryology

the study of formation and early growth of an organism

What is the top bone in the arm?

Humerus

What is the second bone that’s on the thumb side in the arm?

Radius

What is the second bone that’s on the pinky side in the arm?

Ulna

What bones connect the bottom of the fingers to the arm?

carpals

What is the bone of the fingers that connect to the carpals in the arm called?

metacarpals

What is the bone of the fingers that doesn’t connect to the carpals in the arm?

phalanges

What is a Single-Gene Trait?

one gene controls the trait causing two phenotypes

What is a Polygenic Trait?

two or more genes control the trait causing many phenotypes

What is a Gene Pool?

all genes present in a population including different alleles

What is Allele Frequency?

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

What is Stabilizing Selection?

average form of a trait is favored

What is Directional Selection?

one extreme form of a trait is favored

What is Disruptive Selection?

both extreme forms of a trait are favored

What is genetic recombination?

23 pairs of chromosomes = 8.4 millions gene combinations in humans

When does crossing over happen?

prophase 1 of meiosis

What are the three types of genetic variation?

mutation, crossing over, and gene shuffling

What are the five things needed for the Hardy Weinberg Principle?

random mating, large populations, no migration no mutations, and no natural selection

What principle is required to maintain genetic equilibrium?

Hardy Weinberg Principle

What is genetic drift?

alleles change due to chance

What types of populations does genetic drift have LESS effect on?

large populations

What is genetic equilibrium?

all alleles in a population remain the same

What are the two types of genetic drift?

bottleneck effect and founders effect

What is the bottleneck effect?

dramatic reduction in population size

What is the founders effect?

migration of a small subgroup of a population

What are species?

populations or groups of populations whose members can breed and produce offspring

What is speciation

the formation of a new species

What is reproductive isolation

when populations can no longer interbreed and they can evolve into separate species

What are the three types of reproductive isolation?

behavioral, temporal, and geographic

What is behavioral isolation?

populations have different mating rituals or other behaviors

What is temporal isolation?

populations reproduce at different times

What is geographic isolation?

populations are separated by a geographic barrier

What is punctuated equilibrium?

long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid change in a species

What is gradualism

slow and steady change in the lineage of a species

What is adaptive radiation?

a species evolves into many different forms

What is coevolution?

two species evolve in response to one another

How many places do we round to on the test during Hardy Weinberg problems?

4 decimal places

What do punnet squares predict?

offspring

What does the Hardy Weinberg Principle predict?

populations

Which equation equals the allele frequency?

p+q=1

Which equation equals the gene combination frequency?

p2+2pq+q2=1

Which variable equals the dominant allele in the Hardy Weinberg equations?

p

Which variable equals the recessive allele in the Hardy Weinberg equations?

q