medical terminology ch 4-5

what are the two body cavities

what are the two body cavities

dorsal (posterior)

ventral (anterior)

what are the two dorsal cavities

cranial and spinal

what are the three ventral cavities

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

how many quadrants is the abdominopelvic cavity

4 quadrants. RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

what are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

right and left hypochondriac (top right and left sides), epigastric (top middle), right and left lumbar (right and left middle sides), umbilical (middle center), right and left inguinal (iliac; right and left bottom sides), hypogastric (bottom middle)

cell CF

cyt/o

nucleus CF

kary/o OR nucle/o

tissue CF

hist/o

anterior/front CF

anter/o

middle CF

medi/o

lower/behind CF

infer/o

side/to one side CF

later/o

back (of body)/behind/posterior

dors/o OR poster/o

chest CF

thorac/o

loins/lower back CF

lumb/o

pelvis CF

pelv/i OR pelv/o

abdomen CF

abdomin/o

cranium/skull CF

crani/o

red CF

erythr/o

white CF

albin/o OR leuk/o

black CF

melan/o

blue CF

cyan/o

yellow CF

cirrh/o OR jaund/o OR xanth/o

dry CF

xer/o

extremity CF

acr/o

internal organs CF

viscer/o

disease CF

path/o

unknown/peculiar CF

idi/o

specialist

-logist

what is a disease

a pathological (morbid) condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings

disrupts homeostasis, including temperature, hydration, acidity and salts

what is a sign of a disease

objective indicator of disease, such as rash, swelling, or a lump

what is a symptom of a disease

a subjective indicator, such as dizziness, nausea, or pain

what is Etiology

the study of the cause/origin of a disease

examples:

metabolic (diabetes)

infectious (influenza)

congenital (cleft palate)

hereditary (hemophilia)

neoplastic (cancer)

environmental (trauma, burns)

what is an adhesion

abnormal fibrous band binding tissues that are normally separated

what is inflammation

body defense against injury and disease that limits the spread of injury and aids in healing, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain

what is febrile

feverish, pertaining to a fever

what is morbid

diseased, unhealthy

what is sepsis

presence of pathogens in blood or other tissues

what is suppurative

producing or pertaining to the generation of pus

what is the purpose of quadrants

providing reference points, used to describe the location of organs, used for clinical examination, reporting and charting

what is the purpose of abdominopelvic regions

provide reference points, used to describe the location of internal organs, used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting

another word for umbilicus

navel

levels of organization in the body

cell (cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus), tissue, organ, system, organism

what are the body planes

midsagittal (median) plane, coronal (frontal) plane, transverse (horizontal) plane

another term for ventral

anterior

another term for dorsal

posterior

what is electrocardiography

recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart. electrodes are strategically placed on the skin to detect and transmit impulses to a recording device

what is spirometry

pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow into and out of the lungs. commonly ordered post op to promote deep breathing.

uses for spirometry

aids in assessment of lung disorders, improves lung function, and is ordered for pts who have had surgeries that may jeopardize respiratory function

what is anastomosis

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other

types of anastomosis

end to end, side to end, and side to side

what is a biopsy

removal of representative tissue sample for evaluation. samples of tissue, blood, or body fluid

what is an endoscopy

a visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope. the instrument and procedure named for organ or cavity examined.

common uses for endoscopy

biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration

what is radiography (x-ray)

use of an electromagnetic beam that passes through the body to produce images. radiopaque dye (barium) is possibly required for radiographs of soft tissue

what is an ultrasound

ultra high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of a body structure on a computer screen

how is an ultrasound used

hand held US tranducer is moved back and forth over the organ or structure being examined and sound waves are emitted. optimizing sound transmissions from using gel placed on the skin. possible to place US probes inside a body cavity

ultrasound use

sound waves from a transducer or probe reflected from internal structures as echoes. echoes change into electrical signals and are analyzed by a computer. the brightest areas on the ultrasound image are produced by the strongest echoes

what is positron emission tomography (PET)

use of a radioactive chemical called a tracer that is introduced into the body. accumulation of tracer in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues

how does PET scan work

positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce an image. identification of areas of higher and decreased metabolic activity.

what do areas of increased metabolism on a PET scan indicate

a tumor

what do areas of decreased metabolism on a PET scan indicate

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or epilepsy

what is Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

use of radio waves and strong magnets to produce multiplanar, cross sectional images. exceptional detail of soft tissues

combining form for sound

son/o

structure of integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, accessory organs [sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), hair, and nails]

function of the integumentary system

covers and protects the body from pathogens and other harmful substances; produces secretions from sweat and oil glands; provides nerve endings for various sensations, including heat, cold, pressure, and touch; regulates body temperature; synthesizes vitamin D; gives color to the skin from melanocytes produced in the basal layer

meaning of integument

the skin

what are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of tissue

it binds the dermis to underlying structures, stores fat, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature

in the basal layer, what specialized cells protect the skin from damaging effects of the sun

melanocytes, which produce melanin, protect the skin from sun damage

what are the sensations provided by the skin

skin provides nerve endings that sense heat, cold, pressure, and touch

combining form for sebum, sebaceous

seb/o

combining form for skin

cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o

combining form for hair

pil/o, trich/o

combining form for sweat

sudor/o, hidr/o

combining form for fungus

myc/o

combining form for fat

adip/o, lip/o, steat/o

combining form for arteriole

arteriol/o

combining form for dry/scaly

ichthy/o

combining form for horny tissue/hard/cornea

kerat/o

combining form for dry

xer/o, ichthy/o

combining form for hardening/sclera

scler/o

combining form for cold

cry/o

combining form for nail

onych/o OR ungu/o

what is basal cell carcinoma

most common type of skin cancer that arises in basal cell layer of the epidermis. it is flesh colored in the early stage, or brown. it is slowly growing and destructive, and rarely metastasizes but is invasive. occurs most commonly in blonde, fair skinned individuals

what is verrucae

a wart

signs and symptoms of basal cell carcinoma

-tumor mainly seen on sun-exposed areas of the body, especially the face, but can also occur on parts of the body rarely exposed to sunlight

-pearly white or waxy bump, often with visible blood vessels

-bump may bleed, develop a crust, or form a depression in the center

basal cell carcinoma treatment

-goal of complete eradication of the lesions

-type of treatment is determined by size, shape, location, and invasiveness of the carcinoma

-curettage and electrodesiccation

-cryotherapy and laser therapy

-chemotherapeutic drugs

-surgical excision (90% of cases)

-irradiation or chemosurgery

what is an abscess

localized collection of pus at the site of infection. most commonly on hairy parts of the body exposed to irritation, pressure, friction, or moisture

what are the two types of abscesses

furuncle (boil)- abscess in a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue

carbuncle- several furuncles developing in adjoining hair follicles with multiple drainage sinuses

signs and symptoms of abscess

the affected portion of the skin is possibly extremely tender, painful, and swollen. the abscess is possibly enlarged, softened, and open, discharging pus and necrotic material. erythema and edema possibly persisting at the site for days or weeks. possibly accompanied by mild fever.

abscess treatment

-cleaning the infected area thoroughly with soap and water

-applying hot, wet compresses to the area to promote vasodilation and drainage from lesions

-administering topical antibiotics

-incision and drainage (I&D) possibly necessary after the lesion has matured

what is psoriasis

-a chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease.

-it is circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales

-epidermal cells of the basal layer produced six to nine times faster than normal

-commonly a family history is seen

-may begin at any age, but the condition could be severe if the onset is in childhood

psoriasis signs and symptoms

-excessive development of the basal layer of the skin

-affected areas that typically appear dry, cracked, and encrusted

-build up of skin composed of living and dead tissue

-pruritus (intense itching)

-common sites on scalp, knees, elbows, umbilicus, genitalia

psoriasis treatment

-depends on type, disease extent, and effect on patient

-palliative only, no cure

-topical application of medications, such as coal tar, vitamin D, corticosteroid drugs, and wet dressing

-ultraviolet (UV) light therapy to retard cell production

what is acne vulgaris

-common inflammatory skin disease of the sebaceous glands and their hair

-follicles. characterized by appearance of comedos (blackheads or whitehead), papules (solid elevation less than 1cm), and pustules (small raised areas of the skin filled with pus)

-usually on the face, chest, shoulders, and upper back

-most commonly caused by hormone changes during puberty, but can appear at any age

-underlying cause of genetic predisposition

-possible contributing factors include stress and external irritants such as soaps and cosmetics

what are comedos

blackheads or whitehead

what are papules

solid elevation less than 1cm

what are pustules

small raised areas of the skin filled with pus

signs and symptoms of ance vulgaris

-acne plug that commonly appears first as an open comedo (blackhead) or a closed comedo (whitehead)

-eventual enlargement and rupture or leak of plug, spreading the contents to the dermis. this results in inflammation and acne pustules or papules

-development of scars if chronic irritation continues over a period of time

treatment of acne vulgaris

-goals of reducing bacterial count, decreasing sebaceous gland activity, and preventing inflammation of the follicle

-antibacterial solution applied to the skin, orally administered antibiotics, or both

-topical agents, which may be used alone or in combination and are applied with clean hands

-skin kept as clean and dry as possible