Chapter 13 Mastering Biology

Asexual reproduction _____________.

A) is limited to plants

B) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

C) requires both meiosis and mitosis

D) is limited to single-cell organisms

B) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

How are sister chromatids and homophobic chromosomes different from each other?

A) Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis.

B) Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis.

Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother.

C) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.

D) Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis.

C) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.

~One homologous chromosome comes from the father, and the other comes from the mother. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other.~

Quaking aspen trees can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?

A) 9

B) 19

C) 38

D) 10

C) 38

Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction?

A) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.

B) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

C) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

D) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi.

C) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.

B) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.

C) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

D) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.

A) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.

A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a diploid species that normally has 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following sets of chromosomes?

A) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes

B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

C) 63 chromosomes, each with 3 sister chromatids

D) 63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs

B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?

A) They carry information for different traits.

B) They carry the same alleles.

C) They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.

D) They carry information for the same traits.

D) They carry information for the same traits.

Many organisms spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state. If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for these types of organisms?

A) by DNA replication

B) by fertilization

C) through the transcription of DNA to RNA

D) by synapsis of the homologous pairs of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I

B) by fertilization

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

A) four ... haploid

B) two... identical to the other

C) four ... diploid

D) two ... haploid

D) two ... haploid

~At the end of meiosis I there are two haploid cells.~

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

A) four ... identical to the other

B) four ... diploid

C) four ... haploid

D) two ... haploid

C) four ... haploid

~At the end of meiosis II there are typically 4 haploid cells.~

During _____ sister chromatids separate.

A) metaphase I

B) prophase I

C) anaphase II

D) prophase II

C) anaphase II

Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that the cell is haploid.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.

A) telophase II

B) metaphase II

C) telophase I

D) interphase

C) telophase I

~At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, there are two haploid cells with chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids each.~

Synapsis occurs during _____.

A) prophase I

B) metaphase II

C) telophase I and cytogenesis

D) anaphase II

A) prophas I

~Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs during prophase I.~

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.

A) prophase II

B) telophase II and cytokinesis

C) metaphase II

D) anaphase I

D) anaphase I

~During anaphase I sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, and homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.~

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.

A) anaphase I

B) metaphase II

C) prophase I

D) metaphase I

B) metaphase II

~Metaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic metaphase except that the cell is haploid.~

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

A) prophase I

B) anaphase I

C) prophase II

D) telophase II

D) telophase II

~At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.~

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.

A) prophase II

B) metaphase II

C) anaphase II

D) prophase I

A) prpphase II

~Prophase II is essentially the same as mitotic prophase except that the cells are haploid.~

Mitosis results in the formation of how many cells; meiosis results in the formation of how many cells?

A) four haploid cells ... two diploid cells

B) two diploid cells ... four haploid cells

C) two diploid cells ... two haploid cells

D) two diploid cells ... two diploid cells

B) two diploid cells ... four haploid cells

~In mitosis a cell that has doubled its genetic material divides to produce two diploid daughter cells. In meiosis a cell that has doubled its genetic material undergoes two rounds of division, producing four haploid cells.~

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?

A) Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

B) Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.

C) A spindle apparatus forms.

D) Synapsis occurs.

D) Synapsis occurs

~The pairing of homologous chromosomes that only occurs during prophase I of meiosis is called synapsis.~

What is crossing over?

A) making an RNA copy of a DNA strand

B) also referred to as the "independent assortment of chromosomes"

C) the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

D) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids

D) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids

~The result is new combinations of genetic material (genetic recombination)~

Which of the following processes might produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?

A) an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm

B) incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I

C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II

D) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm

A) an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or a sperm

Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I?

A) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.

B) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

C) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.

D) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

D) The cells are haploid and the chromosomes are each composed of 2 chromatids

Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A) Four daughter cells are formed.

B) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

C) The chromosome number per cell remains the same.

D) Sister chromatids are separated.

B) Homologus chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other

During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other?

A) during both mitosis and meiosis II

B) during both mitosis and meiosis I

C) during meiosis II only

D) during meiosis I only

A) during both mitosis and meiosis II

During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

A) anaphase I

B) mitosis

C) prophase I

D) anaphase II

A) anaphase

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

A) Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.

B) Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II.

C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.

D) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II.

C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

A) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information.

B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

C) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I.

D) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II.

B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homolohous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I

Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes?

A) meiosis I

B) mitosis

C) meiosis II

D) mitosis and meiosis II

A) meiosis I

Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I?

A) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA.

B) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

C) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.

D) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

D) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell?

A) telophase II of meiosis

B) metaphase II of meiosis

C) metaphase I of meiosis

D) metaphase of mitosis

C) metaphase of mitosis

During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell?

A) telophase II

B) anaphase I

C) telophase I

D) anaphase II

D) anaphase II

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

A) crossing over

B) random fertilization

C) independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis

D) all of the above

D) all of the above

The shuffling of chromosomes that occurs during both fertilization and _____ can lead to genetic variation.

A) genetic drift

B) natural selection

C) mitosis

D) meiosis

D) meiosis

~Variation is produced as a result of independent assortment and crossing over~

Heritable variation is required for which of the following?

A) meiosis

B) the production of a clone

C) evolution

D) mitosis

C) evolution

~Variation is the raw material of evolution.~

During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?

A) in meiosis I only

B) in mitosis and meiosis I

C) in mitosis and meiosis II

D) in meiosis II only

A) in meiosis I only

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes?

A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

B) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II

C) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome

D) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization

A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Which of the following processes occurs when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I?

A) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa.

B) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.

C) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA.

D) Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA.

B) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

A) a sperm.

B) a somatic cell of a male.

C) a somatic cell of a female.

D) an egg.

A) a sperm

The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

A) meiosis II.

B) meiosis I.

C) fertilization.

D) mitosis.

B) meiosis

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

A) homologous chromosomes synapse.

B) DNA replicates before the division.

C) sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

D) the daughter cells are diploid.

C) sister chromatids separate during anaphase

Two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere prior to meiosis. Which statement is correct?

A) Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical.

B) These chromatids make up a diploid chromosome.

C) The cell that contains these sister chromatids must be haploid.

A) Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical

haploid cells

Cells that have half the usual number of chromosomes