Industrial Revolution and Nationalism

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to the Industrial Revolution, early responses to its social consequences, and significant movements in 19th-century nationalism.

Industrial revolution

A period of major industrialization and technological advancement that began in the late 18th century.

Mass production

The manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly lines or automated technology.

Economy of scale

The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product.

Factory Discipline

The strict regulations and policies governing work conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Child labor

The employment of children in work that deprives them of their childhood, education, or potential.

Unplanned urbanization

Rapid, uncontrolled growth of cities often leading to poor living conditions.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence.

Social Darwinism

The belief that certain individuals or groups are naturally superior to others, used in justification of imperialist and racist policies.

Direct rule

A system of governance where a central authority governs a territory directly.

Indirect rule

A system of governance whereby local rulers maintain their authority under the oversight of colonial powers.

The Sepoy Rebellion

A major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against British rule in India in 1857.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The agreement that ended the Spanish-American War, resulting in the U.S. acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

A political entity created in 1867 that established a dual monarchy with shared leadership between Austria and Hungary.

Kipling’s ‘White Man’s Burden’

A poem that expresses the idea that Western nations have a moral obligation to civilize non-Western peoples.

R.Kipling

An English author and poet known for his works that reflect British colonialism.

Adam Smith

An economist and philosopher known for advocating the principles of free market and capitalism.

Karl Marx

A philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist, he co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' and is known for his critique of capitalism.

What did the 1883 Factory Act establish regarding child labor?

No children under nine in textile mills, 8 hours for ages 9-13, and 12 hours for ages 14-18.

What was the significance of the 1842 Mines Act?

It prohibited women and boys under 10 from working underground.

What was the outcome of the 1846 repeal of the Corn Laws?

It allowed the import of grain to lower food costs, benefiting workers.

What were the two forms of nationalism movements in 19th century Europe?

Unification and independence.

What sparked the Greek War of Independence?

The Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Empire in 1821.

What was the outcome of the Crimean War?

Russia failed to gain anything, and the war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1856.

Who was the architect of German unification?

Otto von Bismarck.

What is new imperialism?

Western powers' efforts to acquire and control overseas colonies.

What were the motivations behind new imperialism?

Economic interests, political rivalry, and military power.

What was the significance of the Congress of Berlin in 1885?

It recognized the Belgian Congo Association's claims and established rules for colonization.

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War?

The U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.What were the effects of Western colonial rule on local communities?

What were the effects of Western colonial rule on local communities?

Formation of future nation-states, alienation of local elites, and issues of identity and reform.

What were the complex effects of British colonial rule in India?

Development of railways, telegraphs, and schools, but also hardships for the majority of Indians.

What triggered the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857?

Grievances and religious objections to the use of the Enfield Rifle.

What was the outcome of the Sepoy Rebellion?

The British government abolished the Mughal Empire and took direct control of India.

What was the role of David Livingstone in Africa?

He was a missionary seeking to save souls and an entrepreneur seeking profit.

What was the significance of the British East India Company in India?

It controlled India while the Mughal Empire existed only in name by 1800.