Module 2 Cont. - Kinesiology

Definition of sports medicine?

multidisciplinary approatch to health care for those engaged in sporting or recreational activity

What is the athletic health care team?

a comprehensive team approach that includes (but isn’t limited to):

• board of certification certified athletic trainer

• team physician

• ems personnel

• coaches

• school nurses, medical specialists, dentists, counselors, etc.

Who are the key sports medicine team members?

• coaches

• team physicians

• certified athletic trainer

Coaches should be trained in:

• basic conditioning procedures

• maintenance and fitting of protective equipment

• first aid and cpr

• operation of an automatic external defibrillator (AED)

• recognition and management of common sports injuries

• skills instructions

Team physician duties:

• coordinate PPE (pre-participation exam)

• on- and off- the field injury management

• provide for medical management of injury and illness

• coordinate rehabilitation and RTP decisions

What is a BOC- certified athletic trainer?

an allied health care professional

Certified athletic trainer have formal instruction from accredited programs in:

• injury prevention

• recognition, evaluation, and immediate care

• treatment/rehabilitation

• healthcare organization/administration

• professional development/responsibility

Sports injuries defined by NCAA

• Occurs as a result of participation in organized intercollegiate practice or game

• requires medical attention by a team athletic trainer or physician

• results in restriction of athlete’s participation for one or more days after the injury

involved time lost

Characteristics of sports injuries?

• catastrophic vs. non-catastrophic

• time frame of injury

  • acute and chronic/overuse

• types of tissue(s) involved and injury location

Intrinsic factors of chronic/overuse injuries?

• immature cartilage

• poor flexibility

• poor conditioning

• psychological

• age

Extrinsic factors of chronic/overuse injuries?

• excessive training

• lack of adequate recovery

• incorrect technique

• playing on uneven or hard surfaces

• incorrect equipment

What are the two types of tissues?

Soft and osseous

What’s included in soft tissue?

• muscles

• fascia

• tendons

• joint capsules

• ligaments

• blood vessels

• nerves

What’s included in osseous tissue?

bones

What is a sprain?

a stretch/tear of a ligament

Characteristics of a 1st degree sprain?

• microtrauma

• mild pain

• little/no swelling

Characteristics of a 2nd degree sprain?

• partial tearing

• pain

• moderate swelling

• dysfunction

Characteristics of a 3rd degree sprain?

• complete tear

• pain

• swelling

• dysfunction leading to a loss of stability

What is a strain?

a stretched/torn muscle or tendon

Characteristics of a 1st degree strain?

• mild

• little/no swelling

• pain noticeable with use

Characteristics of a 2nd degree strain?

• more extensive soft-tissue damage

• pain

• moderate loss of function

Characteristics of a 3rd degree strain?

• complete rupture

• significant swelling

• loss of function

• possible defect of muscle

What is a contusion?

a bruise

What is an MOI?

a direct blow to body surface - compression of the underlying tissue

What is an S/S?

pain, stiffness, swelling, ecchymosis (colored bruise), and hematoma

What is a myositis ossificans?

a bonelike formation within muscle tissue

Characteristics of a cartilage tear?

Why is cartilage white? Why is it important to consider?

• Doesn’t have much blood flow

• Doesn’t heal quickly

What is a fracture?

breaks or cracks in a bone

What are the two types of fractures?

Closed and open

What is a closed fracture?

bone doesn’t protrude from skin

What is an open fracture?

bron protrudes the skin

S/S of fractures?

• swelling

• deformity

• pain

• loss of function

• grating sensation

What is a stress fracture?

a prolonged, overload of force applied to bone

What is Wolff’s Law

bone will lay down more bone according to stress

S/S of stress fractures?

• localized pain/tenderness

• absence of trauma

• repetitive activity

• slow, insidious onset

Biomechanics Kinematics

The study of internal and external forces acting on the human body, and the effects produced by these forces

Goals/Uses of Biomechanics

• Improved athletic performance

  • technique

  • equipment

  • training

• injury prevention & rehabilitation

  • techniques to reduce likelihood of injury

  • enhanced development of equipment

Two areas of study for Biomechanics?

Kinematics and Kinetics

Definition of kinematics?

the motion of objects without reference to the forces that cause the motion

Two types of kinematics?

Linear & Angular

3 aspects of linear and angular kinematics?

• position

• velocity

• acceleration

Types of linear Kinematics

Rectilinear translational, Curvilinear translation

What movement is angular kinematics?

Rotation

General motion is what?

A combination of translational and rotation movements

Measurement of linear kinematics?

• Measuring distance (cm) from A to B (displacement)

Measurement of angular kinematics?

• Measuring angle from A to B

What is distance? What are the units?

The length of the path followed - meters

What type of quanity is distance? Does direction matter?

Scalar - no

What types of quantity is displacement? What are its units?

Vector - has magnitude (how far) and direction (where it went); meters

What is the speed formula? Units?

distance / change of time; m/s

What is speed? Scalar or vector?

Distance divided by the time it took; Scalar

What is the velocity formula? Units?

Displacement / change in time; m/s

• V = (d_f - d₁) / change in time

What is velocity? Scalar or Vector?

The rate of change in position; Vector (magnitude and direction)

What is a resultant vector?

a vector that connects multiple vectors together - express both magnitude & direction

How do you combine resultant vectors?

Tail to tip (tail —> tip)

What is kinetics?

What causes the motion

What is Newton’s 1st Law? (inertia)

An object at rest stays at rest an object in motion stays in motion

What is Newton’s 2nd Law? (acceleration)

The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object

• acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object

What is acceleration?

A change in motion

Formula for Newton’s 2nd Law? Units?

A = (v_f+ v_i) / Δt

• m/s²

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

For every action there’s an equal and opposite reaction

What is a force?

Effect one body has on another

• any action/influence that moves an object

What is the name of a pushing force?

Compression

What is the name of a pulling force?

Tension

What is the effect of a force?

Acceleration

Two types of acceleration?

Motion and deformation

Formula for force? Units?

F = ma

• Newtons (N)

What are the two types of external forces?

Contact & Non-contact

What is an external force?

An act on an object as a result of an interaction with the environment

What is a contact force?

forces resulting from objects coming into contact (e.g. friction)

What is a non-contact force?

forces occurring even if objects are not in contact (e.g. gravity, magnetic)

What is an internal force?

An act within a system (e.g. muscle tension, bone compression)

What is a colinear vector?

Same magnitude and direction

What is a concurrent vector?

They are not in the same direction

What is work?

the product of force and displacement

Formula for work? Units?

W = f*d

• Joules (J)

What type of quantity is work?

A vector

What are the 3 things needed to determine the amount of work?

• average force exerted object

• direction of the force

• displacement of object

What does there have to be in order for work to be performed?

motion

When would work be negative?

When displacement is negative

What is power?

The rate of doing wor

What are the 2 equations for power? Units?

• P = W/t

• P = F *v (v = d/t)

• Watts

What is torque? (Angular Kinetics)

the ability of a force to produce rotation around an axis

Formula for torque? Units?

T = F * moment arm

• Nm

The amount of torque a lever has depend on two things

1. The amount of force exerted

2. The distance between the force (line of action) and the axis of motion = moment arm

What is the moment arm?

The shortest (perpendicular) distance from a forces’s line of action to the axis of rotation

If you have a short moment arm, what must you have more of to have the same amount of torque as a longer moment arm?

More force

Torque on the body defined by?

The origin and insertion of muscle

Does the magnitude of the moment arm change throughout the range of motion

Yes

What interaction between two things ultimately controls our movement?

Internal and external forces

• Internal and external forces are
  converted to internal and external torques,

  • Ultimately cause movement (or rotation) at the joints

How does the internal and external forces interact in the body?

bony levers about a fulcrum

• bone = rigid lever

• joint = fulcrum (axis of rotation)

• muscle = force

What are the 3 components of levers?

• Axis of rotation (fulcrum - joint)

  • lever rotates around this fulcrum

• Resistive forces (weight - dumbbell) - load

  • resists rotation

• Motional forces (muscles) - effort

  • causes rotation

Class one lever: M - A - R

Extension/Flexion - head/neck

Class two lever : A - R - M

Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion - foot/ankle (advantage over gravity)

Class three: A - M - R

Extension/flexion - bicep (fighting gravity)

What is the mechanical advantage?

Ratio of motional and resistive forces

MA =  motional force / resistive force

• When motional force = resistive force, MA = 1

• When motional force < resistive force, MA < 1

  • Mechanical disadvantage

  • The force must be greater than the resistance to counterbalance

• When motional force > resistive force, MA > 1

  • Mechanical advantage

Is motion capture involved with kinematics or kinetics?

Kinematics