Lecture Exam 3 - Multiple Choice(Lectures 11-14)

What are the structural divisions of the nervous system?

• Central nervous system(CNS)

• Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

What are the components of the central nervous system?

• The brain and spinal cord

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

• Consists of nerves leading to/from the brain and spinal cord

What are the subdivisions of the PNS? What is the function of each division?

• Sensory: provides sensory information to the CNS

• Motor: carries motor commands from the CNS

What are the types of nervous tissue?

• Neuron/nerve cells/nerve fibers

• Neuroglia

What is the function of a neuron?

• Transmit signals/information within the nervous system

What is the function of neuroglia?

• Support, protect, maintain, & isolate the neuron

What are the characteristics of neurons?

• High metabolic rate

• Extreme longevity

• non-mitotic

What are cell bodies called in the CNS? PNS?

• Cell bodies in the CNS are called Nuclei

• Cell bodies in the pNS are called Ganglia

What are the types of cell junctions? Where is each junction located?

3 types

• Synapse; located between the axon & dendrite of two neurons

• Neuromuscular Junction; located between the axon & muscle 

• Neuroglandular Junction; located between the axon & gland

What is the function of the Schwann cell in the PNS.

• Support and insulate the axon

• Produce myelin

What is myelin? What is its histology? What is its function?

• Lipid-protein complex that surrounds the axon 

• Histology: adipose connective tissue

• Function: improves the speed of nerve impulses, forms the Nodes of Ranvier

What are meninges?

• Protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

 What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?

• Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

What are arachnoid villi?

• Projections of the arachnoid into the dural sinuses

What are the ventricles in the brain? What are their functions?

• Lateral Ventricles; empty into the interventricular foramen

• Third Ventricle; drains into the cerebral aqueducts

• Fourth Ventricle; drains into the median and lateral apertures

What is the function of the choroid plexus? Where are they found?

• Function: make CSF

• Location:

What is the composition of CSF?

Glucose, NA+, CL-

What are the functions of CSF?

• Shock absorption

• Internal support

• Transports nutrients & waste

What are the regions of the brain? Know both common and scientific names.

• Forebrain(Prosencephalon)

• Midbrain(Mesencephalon)

• Hindbrain(Rhombencephalon)

What are the components of the medulla oblongata? What is the function of each component?

• Vital Centers: regulate respiratory rate, heart rate, and vasomotor control

• Non-Vital Centers: regulate coughing, swallowing, and vomiting 

• Association Tracts: relay sensory information to the thalamus

What separates the lobes of the cerebrum? What connects them?

• Separated by the longitudinal fissure

• Connected by the corpus callosum

What is the function of gyri and sulci?

• Increase the surface area of the brain

What are the sulci of the cerebrum? What lobes of the cerebrum does each divide?

• Lateral Sulcus: between temporal and parietal lobes

• Central Sulcus: between frontal and parietal lobes

• Parieto-occipital Sulcus: between parietal and occipital lobes

Why is gray matter of the brain gray? Why is white matter white?

• Gray matter is gray because its not myelinated

• White matter is white because it myelinated

What are tracts?

• Connect regions within the same hemisphere

What is the function of ascending association tracts? Descending tracts?

• Ascending tracts: carry sensory information towards the cerebrum

• Descending tracts: carry motor information away from the cerebrum

What is the function of the pre-central gyrus?

• Primary motor area

• Motor nerve tracts originate here

What is the function of the Brocha’s area of the brain?

Controls muscle necessary for vocalization

What is the function of the post-central gyrus?

• Primary sensory area

• Termination of pathways that carry perception for pain, touch, pressure and temperature

What is the function of the thalamus?

Relay point/station for sensory and motor information

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

• Regulates thermoregulation, appetite, and thirst

• Controls pituitary gland secretion

What are the components of the mesencephalon?

• Cerebral peduncles

• Corpora quadrigemina

What are the functions of the cerebral peduncles?

Rely station for motor and sensory tracts

What are the components of the rhombencephalon?

• Pons, cerebellum, & medulla oblongata

What is the function of the pons?

Rely station for sensory and motor tracts

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Motor coordination

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

• Conduct sensory/motor impulses to/from the brain via spinal tracts

• Reflexes

Where is gray matter located in the spinal cord? White matter?

• Gray Matter: Inner layer

• White matter: Outer layer

Why is gray matter gray? Why is white matter white?

• Gray matter is gray because its non-myelinated

• White matter is white because it myelinated

What is the function of the ascending tracts?

• Sensory pathways that carry information toward the brain

What is the function of the descending tracts?

• Motor pathways from the cerebral cortex or cerebellum

What is found within the central canal?

Cerebrospinal Fluid

What is paralysis? What causes it?

• Complete or partial loss of motor function

• Caused by localized damage to the spinal cord

What is meningitis? What causes it?

• inflammation of the meninges

• Caused by bacterial or viral infection

What is encephalitis? What causes it?

• inflammation of the brain

• Caused by bacterial or viral infections

What is multiple sclerosis? What causes it?

• Autoimmune condition that results in the deterioration of myelin sheaths

What is a stroke? What is an ischemic stroke? Hemorrhagic stroke?

• Stroke: when the blood flow within the brain is restricted, brain tissue in the area dies due to lack of oxygen

• Ischemic Stroke: lack of oxygen to the brain caused by a clot

• Hemorrhagic: lack of oxygen to the brain caused by a bleed-out