Case study 5

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17 Terms

1

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often serving as a major source of energy in the diet.

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2

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules, e.g., glucose, fructose.

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3

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together, such as sucrose and lactose.

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4
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, e.g., starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
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5
Glycosidic Linkage
A covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may also be a carbohydrate.
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6
Lactase
An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose.
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7
Lactose Intolerance
A condition where individuals are unable to digest lactose due to low levels of lactase, causing gastrointestinal symptoms.
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8
Glycoprotein
A molecule consisting of a carbohydrate attached to a protein, which plays important roles in cell recognition.
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9
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, producing energy.
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10
Anabolism
Metabolic pathways that construct larger molecules from smaller units, requiring energy.
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11
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
A high-energy molecule used as the primary energy carrier in cells.
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12
ATP Hydrolysis
The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.
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13
Energy Charge
A measure of the energy status of a cell, reflecting the ratio of ATP to ADP and AMP.
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14
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox)
Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two species, altering their oxidation states.
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15
Hydrogen Breath Test
A diagnostic test used to determine lactose intolerance by measuring hydrogen levels in breath after lactose ingestion.
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16

Secondary Active Transport

The process by which glucose and galactose enter intestinal epithelial cells, utilizing the sodium gradient.

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17
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