Culture & Diversity Final

Fluency disorders are

neuromotor

Why did people think that stuttering not exist in native american tribes?

they don't have a word for stuttering

The idea that stuttering doesn't exist in some cultures

is not widely accepted

Myths & beliefs about stuttering in AA culture

- mother eating improper food during pregnancy

- allowing an infant to look in a mirror

- mother seeing a snake during pregnancy

- work of the "devil"

- mother dropping the baby

Myths & beliefs about stuttering treatment

- stuttering can be controlled by the child

- not moving his/her feet when speaking

- hitting the child in the mouth w a dish towel

- having the child hold nutmeg under their tongue

Stuttering and Latino culture

- view stuttering as product of psychological maladjustment

- less likely to be active in home programming bcuz they feel it's the school's responsibility to treat issues

Stuttering and religion

- stuttering is a curse from God

- stuttering will only be cured by a miracle from their God

Stuttering manifestion

2.5-3.5 years of age

Iceberg of stuttering

-visible and audible behaviors represent the upper one-third of the iceberg

-invisible lower two-thirds of the iceberg includes emotions of people who stutter and their tricks to try and be more fluent

Factors associated with more successful recovery

- age of onset before 3.5 years of age

- girls are more likely to experience spontaneous recovery

- family history of chronic stuttering/spontaneous recovery = child most likely follow similar pattern

- higher language skills more likely to see better outcome

Percent of children who recover within 18 m - 2 yrs after treatment

80%

Majority of what we know about stuttering comes from

stuttering in English

Fluency norms in other languages

few to none exist to date

Spanish & English fluency

polysyllabic word repetitions are not considered stuttering-like disfluencies

Bilingualism and stuttering

bilingualism is NOT a risk factor for stuttering

AA and European adults present with

similar rates of dysphonia

VHI

self assessment tool to focus on patient's perception and severity of their voice

Domains of VHI

- functional

- physical

- emotional

VHI for singers

adapted for professional singers who rate themselves differently

Someone from a collectivist culture/belief system is more likely to

seek help for their voice issue

When clinicians have understanding of cultural differences

better able to see value of providing culturally relevant care

"burden" of communication disorders in Latin and AA cultures are greater because

of the high prevalence of chronic diseases like heart disease

AA, Japanese, and women show prevalence of

intracranial lesions that impact small arteries

White males show prevalence of

extracranial lesions that impact carotid arteries

Prevalence of stroke varies by

education level, race, ethnicity, and geographic region

AA and Hispanics above age of 71

more likely to have AD than older white adults

Western culture puts great value in

independence and individualism

Caregiving in western culture

in the form of hired adults, paid caregivers, or may be family and friends providing unpaid caregiving

Caucasian caregivers have higher levels of

caregiver burden, stress, and strain

Western culture more likely to view caregiving as

disruption of the life course

Hispanic caregivers view dementia as

natural result of living a difficult life

Hispanics refer to dementia as a

tragic loss

El loco

phrase used for dementia

Hispanic barriers to AD

limited availability of trained bilingual and bicultural health care providers

Hispanics consider caregiving as

family obligation until death

Chinese culture views dementia as

mental illness

Members of Chinese communities may

hide problems associated with dementia

Chinese caregiving

first born son and his wife should act as primary caregivers for aging parents

Bilingualism and dementia

those that know more than one language delay onset of AD by at least 5 years

Cantonese speakers and dysarthria

most impaired accuracy in initial consonants and final consonants and vowels

Western cultural approaches dysphagia treatment with a

medical model that makes assumptions about disability and requires fixing

Vietnam and Mexico view dysphagia as

spiritual and group phenomenon that is time limited and must be accepted

Dysphagia assumptions by SLP

- foods used in evals resembles patient's normal food

- patients and their families will understand and follow diet changes

- patients will give up foods they are familiar with to swallow safely

- people prefer to eat with a spoon or fork and drink with a straw

Common barriers of dysphagia

- cultural differences b/w patient and clinician

- lack of access to familiar foods

- differences in vocab and naming of foods and textures

- changes in look and consistency of food

- changes in smell and taste

- unfamiliar with using certain utensils for eating

Russian meal

3 meals a day

Clinical implications of dysphagia

- take into consideration how diet modification can be viewed by patient and their family

- consider patient's nutritional needs, safety, and food culture

- patient and family may not understand what dysphagia is

Medical model of deafness

defines deafness as pathological condition and reinforces label of disability

Hearing aids, CIs, and gene therapy

encouraged to habilitate or remediate hearing loss and deafness

20th century view of deafness

- those for verbal communication emphasized deafness as a handicap

- focuses on learning to speak instead of academic proficiency

Deaf community values

- take great pride in deafness

- fluent in written and signed English with ASL as official language

- ASL common language that embodies and preserves values and histories of Deaf community

Term used to describe individuals from Deaf community

fierce loyalty

What kind of communication is favored by Deaf community?

direct and informal

Deaf

- reference to cultural Deafness

- identify with Deaf culture

- encompasses wide range of hearing levels

- uses ASL

deaf

- reference to physical deafness

- may or may not identify with Deaf culture

- encompasses wide range of hearing levels

- may or may not use ASL

Hearing impaired

describes deaf people based on what they can't do

Hearing loss

described deaf people based on what they can't do but may be appropriate for late-deafened adults

Deaf culture considerations

- CIs viewed in Deaf culture as negative

- long term outcomes for children with CIs mainstreamed into regular classrooms not determined

- may be disagreement in terms of best intervention

Military emphasizes

duty, honor, and country

Military prioritizes

group over individual

Commanding officers and those in authority should demonstrate

virtue, honor, patriotism, and subordination

Basic elements of military culture

- discipline

- professional ethos

- ceremony and etiquette

- cohesion

- type of unit, branch, fighting community

Commissioned officers

highest ranks in the Army

Army motto

"This We'll Defend"

Army

responsible for land based military operations

Navy motto

Semper Fortis (Always Courageous)

Navy

see branch of US Armed Forces

Air Force motto

Above all

Air Force

military branch with capabilities and interests to fly and fight in air, space, and cyberspace

Marine Corps motto

Semper Fidelis (Always Faithful)

Marine Corps

operates under Navy

US Coast Guard motto

semper paratus

US Coast Guard

Branch concerned with protecting public in any maritime region

Space force

organizes, trains, and equips space forces to protect US and allied interests in space and to provide space capabilities to joint forces

Combat Masculine-Warrior Paradigm

combat and preparing for war is main activity of military

Military bicultural identity

- acknowledge important skills learned during service

- honoring important relationships while in service

- moving toward identity integration

- allowing for discussions of increased engagement with chosen values

Polytrauma

injuries to more than one physical region or organ system that result in physical, cognitive, psychological, or psychosocial impairments and functional disability

Most frequent injury in polytrauma cluster

TBI

Role of SLP polytrauma

assess cog-comm and swallowing functions within 24-48 hours of admission

Microaggressions

Subtle, often unintentional discriminatory remarks

Micro

interpersonal

agressions

hurtful

Microaggressions become

micro-bullying

Microagressions can be

self-perpetuating