Biology - Cell Division Test

somatic cells

body cells

germ cells

sex cells

polyploid

any individual or species with a multiple of the normal set of chromosomes

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

chromosome

a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. (each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins)

sister chromosomes

identical pairs held together at the centromere

centromere

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

mitotic cell cycle

mitosis

meiotic cell cycle

meiosis

mitosis

division of the nucleus

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

meiosis

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

G1 checkpoint

checks if we need a new cell

G2 checkpoint

checks if DNA was copied correctly

metaphase

makes sure every kinetichord is attached to

non-dis junction

chromosome abnormality in which you have too many or too little chromosomes in anaphase (down syndrome)

p53 gene

the timer when a cell goes to G0

apoptosis

programmed cell death

cell suicide

apoptosis

cyclins

proteins that regulate the cell cycle

cyclin-dependent kinase

a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

genetic recombination

new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment

crossing over

genetic recombination

autosomal

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

do not cross over

x & y ...

interkinesis

interphase without S-phase

oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

oogonium

female primordial germ cell

primary oocyte

an oocyte prior to completion of meiosis I.

syngomy

the process of getting 1n from mor and 1n from dad

zygote

fertilized egg

spermatogenesis

production of sperm

spermatogonium

male primordial germ cell

primary spermatocyte

a cell that divides to form two secondary spermatocytes

after meiosis 2

when are sperm cells done genetically?

G1, G2, Metaphase

checkpoints in the cell cycle

tetrad

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

homologous chromosomes

pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance, and same genes

do not crossover

x & y ....

interphase

longest part of the cell cycle

chromosome

1 chromatid + a copy, tied together

interphase

gets the cell ready to divide

m-phase

the actual division of the cells

G1

cell growth, organelle production, make enzymes for s-phase (replication)

S

DNA replication (2n -> 4n)

G2

cell growth, organelle production, make enzymes for m-phase (division)

centrioles

animal cell division

cell plate

plant cell division

it makes more cells

why is mitosis important?

anaphase

the sister chromatids are moving apart

prophase

the nuclear membrane fades from view

telophase

a new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes

anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

the cytoplasm of the cell is being divided

prophase and telophase

the chromatin is found in the nucleus

metaphase

the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell

telophase

the spindles disappear

anaphase

animal cells begin to pinch in

prophase

the spindle is formed

metaphase

chromatids line up along the equator

telophase

chromosomes are not visible

anaphase

cytokinesis begins

telophase

the cell plate begins to form

anaphase

the reverse of prophase

anaphase and telophase

in what phase does the cell begin to split the cytoplasm and daughter cells first become visible in mitosis?

anaphase

during what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles?

prophase

what is the phase where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes?

centromere

what is the name of the structure that connects the two sister chromatids?

sister chromatid

in a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome half called?

telophase and cytokinesis

what is the step of cell division where 2 identical daughter cells are formed?

interphase

which phase of the cell cycle occurs when the cell is preparing to divide so it grows in size making organelles and copying DNA?

cell plate

what forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?

cytokinesis

what is the division of the cytoplasm called?

metaphase

during this phase, chromosomes line up in the middle

anaphase

the doubled chromosomes separate. single chromosomes move to opposite ends of the spindle

prophase

doubled chromosomes form, the nuclear envelope disappears, and the spindle forms

cytokinesis

the cell divides in two

telophase

the spindle disappears. a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

interphase

in what stage is a cell before mitosis begins?

it gets ready for mitosis, doubles chromosomes, and G1/S/G2

what happens during interphase?

cytokinesis

what occurs as mitosis ends?

cell division

the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material

prophase 1

crossing over/genetic recombination will take place

interphase

G1, S, G2

prophase

chromatin turns into chromosomes

prophase

nuclear envelope begins to disappear

prophase

centrioles doubles and move to the poles

prophase

spindle fibers begin to form

metaphase

the spindle fibers attach to the chromatids

metaphase

the chromosomes line up at the equator

anaphase

spindle fibers shorten, separating the chromosomes

anaphase

is finished when the spindle fibers stop shortening

telophase

nuclear envelope begins to reappear

telophase

chromosomes turn back into chromatin

prophase

is finished when the nuclear envelope completely disappears

aster

centrioles and spindle fibers

metaphase checkpoint

makes sure all of the kinetichords are attached to

mitosis

finished when telophase is finished

mitosis

the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical daughter nucleii

interphase