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Experiment

Research method – a controlled procedure where variables are manipulated to examine cause-and-effect relationships.

Correlational Study

Research method – examines the relationship between two variables without manipulating them; often reported with a coefficient between -1 and +1.

Case Study

Research method – an in-depth examination of one individual or small group, often used for rare or unique conditions.

Naturalistic Observation

Research method – observes behavior in a natural environment without intervention or control by the researcher.

Longitudinal Study

Research method – tracks the same participants over a long period to observe changes or development.

Meta-Analysis

Research method – combines data from multiple studies to identify overall patterns or effects.

Mean

Statistical concept – the arithmetic average of a set of numbers; sensitive to extreme values.

Median

Statistical concept – the middle value in a set of ordered numbers; less affected by outliers.

Mode

Statistical concept – the value that appears most frequently in a data set.

Statistical Significance

Statistical concept – indicates the likelihood that a result is due to chance; typically measured with a p-value (e.g., p < .05).

Skewness

Statistical concept – a measure of asymmetry in a data distribution; affects the mean's accuracy as a central measure.

Effect Size

Statistical concept – indicates the magnitude or strength of a relationship or difference, regardless of sample size.

Range

Statistical concept – the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.

Standard Deviation

Statistical concept – shows how spread out the data are around the mean; higher values indicate more variability.

Percentile Rank

Statistical concept – shows the percentage of scores below a particular score in a distribution.

Correlation Coefficient

Statistical concept – a value from -1 to +1 that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Generalisable

Research quality term – describes how well the results of a study apply to populations or situations beyond the sample.

Peer Review

Scientific practice – a process in which experts evaluate the quality and validity of a study before it is published.

No Coercion

Ethical guideline – participation in research must be voluntary, without pressure or force.

Informed Consent

Ethical guideline – participants must be told the nature, risks, and benefits of a study before agreeing to participate.

Deception

Ethical guideline – misleading participants is only allowed if necessary, harmless, and followed by full debriefing.

Informed Assent

Ethical guideline – minors or those who cannot legally consent must still agree to participate, with guardian permission.

Confidentiality

Ethical guideline – personal information and data about participants must be kept private and secure.

Risk

Ethical guideline – studies must avoid exposing participants to unnecessary physical or psychological harm.

Protection from Harm

Ethical guideline – researchers must ensure participants' safety and well-being during all parts of the study.

Debriefing

Ethical guideline – after the study, participants must be told the full purpose, especially if deception was used.