AP Gov Unit 1: Chapters 1,2,3

DD:

Expressed powers

Expressed powers

Specific powers assigned to the federal govt by the Constitution

Examples: Declaring war, coining money, making treaties

Implied powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but reasonably suggested by the Expressed powers

Examples: Coining money

Inherent powers

Powers belong to a federal government because it’s a sovereign state in the world community.

Examples: UN membership, war/military powers, treaties

Reserved powers

Powers the Constitution does not grant to the federal government nor deny to the states

Examples: education, voting rights, abortion, marriage

Concurrent powers

Powers shared by both the federal and state governments

Examples: infrastructure (state + fed roads), gun rights, law enforcement

Federalism

The system of government in which a constitution divides power between a federal government and a state government

United States v. Lopez

Gun laws are up to state governments, not federal governments; Congress stretched commerce power too far (limits govt)

Marbury v. Madison

Sets up Judicial Review - power to bring cases directly to the US Supreme Court so they can decide if it’s constitutional or not

McCulloch v. Maryland

[Article 1, implied powers clause issue] supremacy of the national government over state governments

Gibbons v. Ogden

[Article 1, Section 8 issue] Congress can regulate interstate commerce (aka all commercial activity)

Barron v. Baltimore

US Bill of Rights does not apply to the state governments, only federal

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Slaves are considered property and not a human being/citizen of the US

Fiscal Federalism

State administers federal policies to get $/Congress can say we will withhold funds if states don’t comply

Categorical Grants

Money for specific purposes (narrow defined) with strict rules/restrictions on spending

Project Grants

Funding for special projects in states or districts that submit a pro

Formula Grants

$ given to states based on a mathematical formula

Block Grants

Money given to states with a broad but defined area of public policy that they are expected to spend it on

Mandates

Federal government orders states to do things; majority of the time it is unfunded

Brutus 1

argues against the proposed U.S. Constitution; warns that a strong central government could threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty

Federalist 51

Each branch of government is framed so that its power checks the power of the other two branches; additionally, each branch of government is dependent on the people, who are the source of legitimate authority

Federalist 10

Dangers of factions; the problem can be stopped if there are so many factions that it is difficult for one to overtake the majority

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

One vote per state; unamendable because all 13 are needed to change; 9 states needed to agree to make a law; no executive or judicial authority over taxes/military/commerce; gave too much power to the states

Federalists

Group that supported the ratification of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

Groups that were against the ratification of the Constitution