Us history unit 1

What historical period is known for the decline in trade and political fragmentation in Europe from 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.?

What historical period is known for the decline in trade and political fragmentation in Europe from 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.?

-The Middle Ages (Dark Ages).

How did the Crusades contribute to European exploration?

-The Crusades brought Europeans into contact with Arab civilizations, encouraging trade and cultural exchange.

What were some of the luxury goods Europeans sought through trade with the Middle East and East Asia?

Europeans sought spices, sugar, silk, and other valuable items.

Which Italian city-states grew wealthy by facilitating trade between Europe and the Middle East?

Venice, Pisa, and Genoa.

Why did European leaders seek alternative trade routes to Asia?

European leaders sought alternative trade routes to bypass Italian city-states and Arab intermediaries and acquire trade goods more directly.

What scientific advances aided European exploration during the Age of Discovery?

Scientific advances such as the astrolabe, compass, and improved ship design aided European exploration.

Explain the purpose and use of an astrolabe in navigation.

An astrolabe is a navigational instrument used to determine direction, latitude, and local time by observing the position of celestial objects, primarily the sun.

What role did the compass play in European exploration?

The compass was a vital navigational tool as it reliably indicated the direction of magnetic north, enabling sailors to navigate accurately.

Describe the ship design improvements in the 1400s that facilitated exploration.

Ship design improvements included lateen sails, multiple masts, and a move of the rudder to the stern, making ships faster, more maneuverable, and easier to steer.

What was the significance of the caravel in Portuguese exploration?

The caravel was a fast and maneuverable ship that enabled Portuguese explorers to venture into uncharted waters, contributing to their successful exploration.

What navigational knowledge did Europeans gain from Claudius Ptolemy's Geography? - Europeans gained maps and longitude and latitude coordinates for places known to the Roman world from Ptolemy's Geography.

How did the works of al-Idrisi contribute to European exploration?

Al-Idrisi's works provided valuable information about the geography of the eastern African coast and the Indian Ocean, aiding European mariners.

What was Christopher Columbus's primary goal in his voyages?

Christopher Columbus's primary goal was to find a direct route to Asia.

Who sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages.

What was the primary purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?

The primary purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas was to divide the New World between Spain and Portugal and resolve territorial disputes.

How did Amerigo Vespucci contribute to the understanding of the newly discovered lands?

Amerigo Vespucci contributed by realizing that the Americas were distinct from Asia, challenging the prevailing belief.

Why is the term "America" used to refer to the continents discovered by Europeans?

The term "America" is derived from Amerigo Vespucci's name, who played a significant role in recognizing the new continents.

What was the outcome of Hernán Cortés's expedition to Mexico in 1519?

Hernán Cortés and his forces allied with some native groups, leading to the destruction of the Aztec Empire.

How did diseases like smallpox impact Native American populations during European encounters?

Diseases like smallpox had a devastating impact on Native American populations, causing widespread deaths and weakening native societies.

What was the impact of the Treaty of Tordesillas on the division of territories in the Americas?

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line, with Spain gaining control of most of the Americas west of the line, while Portugal controlled territories to the east.

What were the major European powers that established colonies in the Americas during the Age of Exploration?

The major European powers that established colonies in the Americas included Spain, Portugal, France, and England.

How did Native Americans perceive Europeans during early encounters?

Native Americans had varying reactions to Europeans, ranging from curiosity and hospitality to wariness and conflict, as they encountered newcomers with different customs and technologies.

What type of labor force did the Spanish rely on for their plantations and mines in the Americas?

The Spanish relied heavily on coerced labor, including enslaved Native Americans and later African slaves, to work on plantations and in mines.

How did European exploration contribute to cultural and social changes in the Americas?

European exploration led to cultural exchange, the spread of Christianity, the introduction of new crops and animals, and social upheaval among Native American societies.

Analyze the motivations of European explorers during the Age of Discovery.

European explorers were motivated by a variety of factors, including the search for wealth, fame, religious conversion, and the desire to establish trade routes to Asia.

What type of Government did Colonial America Have?

Limiteds Government

• elected Legislative assemblies

• Governors

Sourthern Colonies

• Maryland

• Virginia

• N/S Carolina

• Georgia

  • Limited education due to agricultural base

Who established Maryland and who was it established for?

Lord Baltimore and for Catholics

Act of Toleration

Toleration of all Christian Sects

Death to those who denied Jesus

Difference between Carolinas

North Carolina

• Tabacco Plantations

• Well-established autonomy

South Carolina

• Rice plantation

• Became heavily dependent on slavery

What was “Gold” in colonial economics, why

Land, because no monetary system (ex. gold/silver)

Transportation in colonial times

Rivers/coasts
Horse and carriage led to taverns/postal services

Middle Colonies economics

Wheat and corn field; manufacturing and trade

Southern Colonies economics

Tabocco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor

Increase in slavery was caused by?

Labor shortages, and it being cheap and dependable

Slave rebellions

Stono/Cato Rebellion in South Carolina

New York “Conspiracy” - 1741

Encomienda system

System of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists

Asiento system

Contract granted by the Spanish crown to an individual or company allowing the holder exclusive rights in the slave trade with Spain's American colonies

Renaissance

Rebirth

Growing nation-states

England, France Spain Portugal

John Winthrop is famous for…

Governor of Massachusetts bay Colony and

Gave sermon “City upon a hill”

Who founded Rhode Island/capital

Roger Williams, Providence

“wall of serparation”

Separation of church and state

Anne Hutchinson

Antinomianism - Free grace, converted people ar enot subject to man’s lawas, only God’s

Thomas Hooker

“Father of” Connecticut, Hartford/New Haven

Colonial America Social Structure

• Wealth landowners

• Merchants

• Small farmers

• Craftspeople

Opportunity in colonial society

Less dependnet on heredity

Gender roles

Men

• Patriarchal society, landowners, workers

Women

• Submissive to men by respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights

Life style in Massachusetts

Strict puritanical lifestyle

What caused rhode Island creation

Lack of Religious toleration and dissent caused formation

Halfway Covenant

Attempt to increase members/wider religious participation

• baptized yet “unconverted” can have political power

Salem Witch trials

• Cotton Mather

  • Believed in witchcraft/immunization of small pox

• Spectral evidence

  • testimony in which witnesses claimed that the accused appeared to them and did them harm in a dream or a vision

In New England how was education structured

Education by mothers
Towns with over 50 fam, need primary school
Towns with over 100 fam, need grammar schools

Who founded Georgia

James Oglethorpe

Purposes of Georgia

Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida

Debtors Colony

First attempt at English Colonies

Roanoke island off NC

First permanent English Colonies

Jamestown Virginia

• John smith - “he that will not work shall not eat”

• John Rolfe - tobacco

Original name of New york

New Amsterdam

Duke of York

New Amsterdam was surrendered to him he changed name to New york

How was New Jersey established

Land taken from New york

Middle colonies economics

Wheat and corn farms, eventually manufacturing and trade

What state created Delaware

Pennsylvania

Most education in middle colonies done by?

Private school or churches

Southern Colonies

Maryland Virginia, NC/SC, Georgia

New England Colonies

Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire

Middle Colonies

Delaware, Pennsylvania, Ny, Nj

South settler Origins

Mostly English, German, Scottish

South push factors

Economic depression in the woolen trade, Population surplus

South pull factors

Economic opportunity. There was initially the promise of gold…..but then cash crop agriculture.

Geographic Characteristics of south

excellent wetlands, full of riverways and bays.

Climate is warm with plenty of rain.

Soil is excellent for farming and growing season is long.

Economic Characteristics of south

Virginia Company (joint stock company) formed by investors try to find gold in the New World

Jamestown, first permanent British colony in the Americas, struggled to survive early because no Gold/colonists failed to plant crops and faced major starvation

Swampy location of the Chesapeake was a breeding ground for disease.

And Jamestown was located in the heart of Powhatan lands.

How many died in Powhatan uprising

347 Jamestown colonists

John Rolfe

Hybrid form of tobacco

South Relations with Native Americans

Tobacco required new lands leading to increased conflict with Powhatan Indians.

Crop of Maryland & Virginia

Tobacco

Crop of the Carolinas

Rice and indigo

Biggest and most prestigious colony

Virginia

Royal colony government

• King

• Royal Governor

• Colonial Coucil(Appointed) Colonial Assembly(Elected)

House of Burgesses

Virginia colonists created legislative assembly to create local taxes/laws

Virginia House of Burgesses became first n North America

Religious Characteristics of south

Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinists, Scottish Presbyterians

Maryland = English Catholic haven

Religious tolerance for convenience than conviction.

Religion not as significant as in New England.

Southern Colonies Hierarchy

• Plantation Gentry - dominated society/burgesses

• Yeomen farmer - free men/modest farms, most on edge of poverty

• Indentured Servants - often mistreated/cheated out of land

• African slaves

Bacons Rebellion

Causes of the rebellion:

• Tobacco prices fall

• Lack of available land

• High Taxes

• No Government Help

Bacon/followers make war on natives for land

Also looted wealthy plantations.

Significance of Bacons rebellion

Indentured servitude is not working.

Once free, they want things Ex. freedom, rights, money.

Colonists need a source of labor with no problems/potential economic competition.

New England Settler Origins

Mostly English, Puritans

New England push factors

Religious Persecution; Separatists from the Church of England (Pilgrims vs. Puritans)

New England Pull factors

Religious freedom

Geographic Characteristics of New England

Cold Winters and mild summers

Soil is generally rocky making farming difficult.

Good harbors/Fish rich waters

Vast timber resource

Economic Characteristics of New England

Mostly sea: shipbuilding, fishing, whaling and TRADE.

Exports: fish, whale products, ships, furs, rum, whiskey.

Subsistence farming- small family farms

Boston becomes known for its merchants and world famous port.

Economic Characteristics of all 13 colonies

Mercantilist - colonies are meant to provide raw materials to the mother country and to act as a market for manufactured goods.

What region benefited most out of mercantilism

New England

Trade laws

Buy more from England than you sell

No trade with other countries/colonies

Ship only w/British ships

Only sell enumerated good(essential to Englands wealth)

Smuggling

Britian more or less winked at this

First state to outlaw slavery

Massachusetts

Religious Characteristics of New England

Pilgrims (strong separatists), Puritans (believed Anglican Church compromised too far by allowing some Catholic rituals)

Protestant work ethic

Godliness, duty, hard work, and honesty

How to become full member of church in new england

An account of a conversion experience

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority.

1st step toward self-gov made by colonists.

MA Bay Colony gov

Theocratic state/strict colony based around the Bible

Who vote in MA Bay

“freemen” - adult males who were members of the congregation.

Meeting House

Focal point of community where all the town's residents could discuss local issues, religious worship, and engage in town business.