ANP1001 LA TROBE UNIVERSITY FIRST YEAR SEM 1

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward, with feet together

Transverse/horizontal plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Coronal plane/ frontal plane

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Superficial

Closer to the body surface - Less internal

Pronation

movement that turns the palm down - rotating radius medially so that the thumb is closer to the midline

Supination

movement that turns the palm up - Rotating the palm laterally so that the thumb is further from the midline - Standard anatomical position

-emia

in the blood

-lysis

breaking down

-trophy

nourishment, development

-pnea

breathing, respiration

-ceps

head

-itis

inflammation

-pathy

disease

Proximal

Towards the trunk of the body

Distal

away from the trunk

Thoracic cavity

(Torso) - contains heart and lungs

Negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. e.g., sweating

Positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. E.g., Childbirth) The release of chemicals that increase the capabilities of an organism to complete a task

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

Sensor

in homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

Control centre

The part of a feedback mechanism that determines the response required and sends an appropriate signal to the effector.

Effector

An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses.

Set point

The range at which the normal physiological state fluctuates. E.g., Human temp range - 36 - 37 degrees celsius

-Homeo

same

stasis

standing still - Stable

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose around a particular level, or body temp through perspiration.

Channel proteins

a channel protein moves molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without binding to them and without using energy.

Passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Gradients

Concentration changes - The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration i.e. Diffusion. Alternatively, molecules can move the other direction via osmosis.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration - Used as a molecular process that brings stability

ATP

The 'pump' molecule that provides energy for processes. Otherwise known as Adenosine Tri-phosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference. Requires ATP.

Afferent - Arrives

efferent (exits)

Afferent sensory pathways

Sensory information that is received via sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This information is then sent via the 'PNS' to motor neurons in the Central nervous system (Spinal cord and Brain).

Efferent sensory pathways

Sensory information that is received from the 'PNS' to the Central nervous system for processing and formulation of a response to deal with the potential stimulus. Motor neurons travel via the spinal cord and through the 'PNS' efferently (exiting) to the site that receptors received stimulation and coordinate the future response that was formulated. i.e Remove hand from potential danger - hot stove.

The olfactory nerve

the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain

The optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

The oculomotor nerve

The oculomotor nerve is a nerve pair that carries command signals to muscles that control eye movement.

The trochlear nerve

The smallest cranial nerve. Responsible for downward gazing and abduction of the eye

The trigeminal nerve

Responsible for facial sensations such as pain, touch, temperature

The Abducens nerve

eye movement

The facial nerve

Essential for the function of facial expressions, smiling and wrinkling of the forehead

The vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

The glossopharyngeal nerve

Provide sensory, motor and parasympathetic (calm down) function to the throat, toungue and ear.

The Vagus nerve

Acts as a chemical messenger for the endocrine system and also is responsible for functions such as digestion and immune responses

The accessory nerve

controls motor fibers to neck and upper back allowing shoulder shrugging and neck flexion.

hypoglossal nerve

tongue movement

Anterior

Front of body (Rostral)

Posterior

Back of body (Tail)

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane

Frontal lobe

The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior. Most anterior brain structure

Temporal lobe

An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information via the primary auditory cortex.

Occipital lobe

The lobe positioned posterior of the brain. Responsible for visual processing via the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position via the somatosensory cortex.

insular lobe

The lobe of the brain insulated by the surrounding brain lobes - responsible for taste

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

gyrus (gyri)

The mountains of the brain tissue - Gyri means many mountains

Sulcus (Sulci)

The valley's of the brain tissue - Sulci means many valley's

Longitudinal fissure

the visual gap that seperates the left and right hemispheres

Somatosensory cortex

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations - Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Postcentral gyrus

the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body

Central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Precentral gyrus

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

Primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement. (voluntary somatic flexion of the biceps)

Primary auditory cortex

The cortex responsible for processing of auditory information - Hearing. Located in the temporal lobe

Primary olfactory cortex

-located within temporal lobe

-provides conscious awareness of smells. Small in humans but large in rats.

Primary visual cortex

The cortex located in the posterior occipital lobe that processes visual information to form images and provide sight.

Parietal - occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Lateral sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

Decussation

crossing of the midline that occurs in many tracts so that the brain senses and controls opposite sides of the body. (i.e., left hemisphere of the brain controls right side of the body.)

dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML)

a somatosensory pathway that carries sensory information about light touch and proprioception from the body to the brain

Proprioception

our sense of body position

Medulla oblongata

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs. The center of which the first order neuron synapses with the third order neuron during (DCML).

Dorsal root

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve. Used in DCML to send afferent neurons through the dorsal column up to the (CNS) for decussation at the medulla oblongata.

Dorsal Column

a white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptive axons to the brain stem

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla for motor movement. (i.e., the brains major control center)

Corpus collosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Amygdala

brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and emotional processing. The brains major emotional control center. Can strengthen formation of emotional memories but does not store long term memories

Hypothalamus - H.P.A AXIS

Control center located beneath the thalamus that Signals to the pituatary gland to secrete (ACTH) a hormone that triggers a response from the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline for fight - flight or alternatively Cortisol for freeze response when the immediate threat is determined to be impossible to evade.

Lateral spinothalamic pathway

conveys pain and temperature sensations from one side of the body to the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side. Difference between (DCML) AND (LCP) is in the (LCP) the first order neuron terminates and synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord whereas the (DCML) pathway synapses the first and second order neurons in the medulla.

lateral corticospinal pathway

conveys motor impulses from one side of the cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles on the other side of the body. Coordinates voluntary movements, especially in the distal arms and legs.

Upper motor neuron descends from the motor cortex to the medulla and then decussates to the side at which the movement is required. The upper motor neuron then descends down the lateral white matter tract in the spinal cord to synapse with the lower motor neuron in the ventral root. This neuron then transmits this information to the desired muscle for movement.

CNS (central nervous system)

Includes the brain, spinal cord and the brainstem (medulla oblongata)

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

All nerves outside of the CNS. Including the sensory (Afferent) pathway and the Motor (Efferent) pathway

PONS

An area located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata that is essential for breathing, sleep wake cycle and motor control.

Brocas area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe