Archaeology

Iron Age dates

600 BC -400 AD

What are the royal sites

Tara, Navan Fort, Rathcroghan, Knockaulin

How did the celtic presence develop in Ireland without a mass migration?

from 2 millenia of contact, communication, and exchange of marriage along the Atlantic

what was the Navan site known as?

The great mound site

First large-scale evidence we have of Gaelic lords building castles

Tower houses defended residences

Early stone castles date

Late 12th - early 13th c.

Who built the earliest castles in Ireland?

The Anglo-Normans immediately after their invasion of 1169 AD

2 functions of castles

1) Protected lord & his family, 2) Base for controlling territory

Mint establishment date

c. 997

How many Viking towns were established?

5

Early Medieval settlement

starts with Christianity (c. 400 AD) and ends with the arrival of the Anglo-Normans (1169 AD)

Where was Innishmurry located

small island off the west coast

What is Skellig Michael?

Isolated monastery in Kerry

When was the coming of Christianity?

400-500 AD

what was different between the diocese in Europe compared to Ireland

Early Christian monasteries in Ireland were fairly independent

what were the 4 introduction of Continental monastic orders

Cistercians, Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans

what are high crosses

High crosses are large, free-standing stone sculptures, primarily found in Ireland and parts of Britain, that feature intricate carvings, often depicting biblical scenes. These crosses, also known as Celtic crosses, were a significant form of religious and artistic expression in the early medieval period.

what are round towers

Round towers are tall, cylindrical stone towers that are a distinctive feature of the Irish landscape, primarily found near churches or monasteries. They were likely used as bell towers

ogham stones probably date to:

5th and 6th centuries AD

where did Gaelic Families live in the early medieval periods?

ringforts

Cahermacnaughtan (Burren)

a 1675 will of one of the O'Davoren's describes a large house and kitchen within the cashel

Souterrains

Underground passageways found in ring forts, un-enclosed sites, and on ecclesiastical sites, Possible uses storage, some defensive features refuges

Cahercommaun, Co. Clare

Hencken (1938, 27-30) argued that the construction and occupation of Cahercommaun probably dated to the early partof the ninth century AD. This date was proposed on the basis of the decoration of a silver brooch found withinsouterrain BHowever more recently radiocarbon dates from cattle bones excavated by Hencken give a date range of 7th to 10th c

Who were the aran islands associated with in relation to pilgrimage

early Christian hermits and saints of preceding centuries.

what was the purpose of the round tower

call monks to prayer, to house relics, for beacons for pilgrimage

when did the Vikings first invade

795 AD

what are longphorts

defended ship ports situated on rivers or coast and bay

where were the 5 Viking downs established in the early 10th century

Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Cork, Limerick

what did the Vikings make

copper alloy working, comb making, show making, ship making, mint establihsed

How did the Vikings benefit Ireland

Opened them up to their extensive trading networks, set up Urban centers, brought new commodities

How was the temple Benan on Inishmore set up

scattered layout, churches and other buildings. The non-church buildings at Temple Brecan were used for accommodation for monks and pilgrims.

why were the Aran islands a focus of pilgrimage

It took a difficult sea crossing to get to, appropriate for potential hardship.

where did insular art originate from

the Celtic, Greek and Romans (classic), Anglo-Saxon (German), and some Viking influence

what is insular art

art from Ireland and Britain in the Early Medieval

Cashels

Raths (forts) with walls made from stone which were mostly found in the west of Ireland. ex: Leacanabuaile, Cahercommaun

The earliest castles in Ireland are called 'motte and bailey' castles. Define the two terms below

the mottle is the raised mound topped with a fortified tower, the bailey is the courtyard.

Name two pieces of evidence that tell us something about the economy at Cahercommaun.

the cattle bones and silver brooch

The Viking houses excavated in Dublin seem to have been laid out how

Laid out in an orderly pattern in relation to the streets.

name three relics may be associated with the church at Killinaboy

) T-shaped crozier, Bell of St. Cuana, fragment of the True Cross

The Macha is the name of the Iron Age royal site of 'Emain Macha' (Navan) refers to a goddess of:

Warfare, the sacred, fertility

who brought the Episcopal system and when

reforming synods in the 12th century

what shape were early church sites marked by

circular enclosures