1.1 Song China

What period is referred to as 'The Golden Age' of art, literature, and architecture in China?

The Song Dynasty (960-1279)

What are the 'Four Great Inventions' that began during the Song Dynasty?

Paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass.

What significant agricultural change occurred during the Song Dynasty?

A shift from wheat eating and wine drinking to rice eating and tea drinking.

What was the population of China during the Song Dynasty?

Approximately 100 million.

What was the significance of the civil service exam during the Song Dynasty?

It shifted leadership from hereditary and military to scholar-bureaucratic.

Who was the founder of the Song Dynasty?

Emperor Taizu.

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

The belief that the Emperor governed by divine right.

What was the capital of the Song Dynasty?

Kaifeng, later moved to Hangzhou.

What was the Grand Canal and its purpose?

A transportation and trade route connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.

What was the role of women in Song China regarding dowries?

Women gained greater control over their dowries (inheritance).

What practice continued for women in Song China despite gaining some rights?

Footbinding.

Which Italian explorer visited Song China and when?

Marco Polo in 1275.

What fuel source was used in Song China that was advanced for its time?

Coal instead of charcoal.

What was the outcome of the Song Dynasty's alliance with the Mongols?

The Mongols, led by Kublai Khan, eventually conquered China, creating the Yuan Dynasty.

Which countries were conquered by Song China and forced to pay tribute?

Korea (Silla Dynasty) and Vietnam.

What cultural elements did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan adopt from China?

Many elements, including the civil service system, but they rejected footbinding.

What is the significance of champa rice in relation to China?

It fueled population growth and originated from Vietnam.

Who wrote 'The Tale of Genji' and when?

Lady Murasaki during the Heian Period (1021).

What characterized the political structure of Japan during the 12th century?

Japan devolved into civil war with shoguns replacing the emperor.

What is bushido and how does it compare to Western chivalry?

Bushido is the code of conduct for samurai, similar to chivalry for knights in Western Europe.

What are the Three Pillars of Ancient Chinese Society?

Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

Who founded Confucianism and what is one of his notable works?

Confucius (Kong Fuzi); notable work: The Analects.

What is the primary focus of Confucianism?

Confucianism emphasizes hierarchy, filial piety, and virtues, and is considered more a philosophy than a true religion.

Who founded Taoism and what is the title of his key text?

Lao Tzu (Laozi) founded Taoism and wrote the Tao Te Ching.

What does 'Tao' mean in Taoism?

Tao means 'The Way'.

What is the concept of 'wu-wei' in Taoism?

'Wu-wei' means 'action without intention' or 'go with the flow'.

What are some practices created by Taoists?

Taoists created holistic medicine, astrology, kung fu, and feng shui.

Who is Siddhartha Gautama and what religion did he found?

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha, founded Buddhism.

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

The Four Noble Truths outline the nature of suffering and the path to overcome it.

What is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

The Eightfold Path is a guide to ethical and mental development with the goal of achieving enlightenment.

What is the ultimate goal of Buddhism?

The ultimate goal is to reach nirvana, a joyful state beyond human suffering.

Name three major sects of Buddhism.

Theravada, Mahayana, and Zen (Chan).

What is filial piety?

Filial piety is dedication and devotion to family.

Who was Qin Shi Huang and what was his significance?

Qin Shi Huang was the first Emperor of a unified China and popularized the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.

What monumental constructions are associated with Qin Shi Huang?

He ordered the construction of the Terracotta Soldiers and the Great Wall.

What is the significance of Angkor Wat?

Angkor Wat, created by King Suryavarman II, is the largest religious monument in the world.

What role did Confucius play in Chinese society?

Confucius influenced the hierarchical structure and development of Chinese society through his writings, especially The Analects.

What was the contribution of Xuanzang to Buddhism?

Xuanzang traveled to India to study Buddhism and returned as a monk, popularizing Buddhism in China.

Who was Wu Zeitan and what is her historical significance?

Wu Zeitan was the only self-made Empress in Chinese history and a supporter of Buddhism.

What does the term 'rectification of names' refer to in Confucianism?

It refers to the importance of using correct titles and roles in society.

What is the significance of the civil service exam in Song China?

The civil service exam was reinstated by Confucians to create a more principled bureaucracy.

What is the relationship between Confucianism and governmental bureaucracy?

Confucianism influenced the development of governmental bureaucracy through its emphasis on ethics and proper conduct.

What is the historical context of the Song Dynasty in relation to other dynasties?

The Song Dynasty (960-1279) is considered the starting point for AP Modern World History, following a series of earlier dynasties.

What is the significance of the quote 'Never give a sword to a man that cannot dance'?

This quote by Confucius reflects the importance of skill and virtue in leadership.

Who is the founder of Taoism?

Laozi (Lao Tzu)

What is the primary text of Taoism?

Tao Te Ching

What does 'wu-wei' refer to in Taoism?

'Action without intention' or 'go with the flow'

What are the two fundamental concepts in Taoism?

Yin (dark) and Yang (light)

What are some products or practices that stem from Taoism?

Holistic medicine, astrology, kung fu, feng shui

Who is the founder of Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha

What are the key texts in Buddhism?

Tripitaka

What does 'nirvana' mean in Buddhism?

A joyful state beyond human suffering

What are the different sects of Buddhism?

Theravada in India, Mahayana in China and Vietnam, Chan/Zen in Japan

What period is known as 'The Golden Age' of art and literature in China?

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

What are the Four Great Inventions of the Song Dynasty?

Paper, printing, gunpowder, compass

What significant infrastructure connected the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers during the Sui Dynasty?

The Grand Canal

What shift occurred in the Song Dynasty regarding social structure?

From hereditary/military-aristocratic to scholar-bureaucratic with civil service exams

What agricultural change occurred in the Song Dynasty?

Shift from wheat and wine to Champa rice and tea

What was the role of women in property ownership during the Song Dynasty?

Women began to inherit property and control their dowries.

Who was Marco Polo and what did he comment on during his visit to China?

An Italian explorer who noted the use of coal for heating in China.

What is Zhang Zeduan's famous painting?

Along the River During the Qingming Festival

What style is Zhang Zeduan's painting known for?

Shan-shui (mountain water) style

Who was Su Shi and what was he known for?

A poet, painter, politician, and one of the 'four classical gastronomes' of the Song Dynasty.

What significant change in fuel usage occurred in China by the end of the 11th century?

Shift from charcoal to coal for heating and fueling purposes.

What was the relationship between China and Korea during the Silla Dynasty?

China conquered Korea and forced it to pay tribute and kowtow.

How did Japan respond to Chinese influence compared to Korea and Vietnam?

Japan was more accepting of Chinese influence, while Vietnam was less accepting.

What elements did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan adopt from Chinese culture?

They adopted elements of Chinese language, religion (Buddhism and Confucianism), technology, trade, military, art, and architecture.

What practice did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan embrace from Chinese culture?

They embraced the civil service exam.

What cultural practice did these countries reject that was common in China?

They rejected footbinding.

How did the opportunities for women in Vietnam compare to those in China?

Vietnamese women had comparably more opportunity than women in China.

What agricultural technique did China learn from Vietnam?

China learned champa rice cultivation from the Vietnamese.

What production technique did China learn from Korea?

China learned celadon (green porcelain/chinaware) production from the Koreans.

Who wrote the first novel in Japan, and what was its title?

Lady Murasaki wrote The Tale of Genji.

What characterized the Heian Period in Japan?

The Heian Period was relatively peaceful.

What led to the civil war in Japan by the 12th century?

Japan devolved into civil war as shoguns replaced the emperor.

How did the social structure in Japan compare to medieval Europe?

Japan had a feudal system with serfs/peasants, landowning lords/daimyo, castles, and feuding families, similar to medieval Europe.

What was the bushido code in Japan?

The bushido code was a code of conduct for samurai, similar to chivalry for knights.

What external pressures contributed to the fall of the Song Dynasty?

The Song Dynasty faced pressures from the Khitan and Jurchens, leading them to be forced south.

Who were the Uighers, and what role did they play in the Song Dynasty's challenges?

The Uighers were nomadic Turks that posed a challenge to the Song Dynasty.

What significant alliance did the Song Dynasty form to combat their rivals?

The Song allied with the Mongols to defeat the Jin.

What empire did Kublai Khan establish after defeating the Song Dynasty?

Kublai Khan established the Yuan/Mongol Dynasty in 1279.

What was notable about the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan?

The Mongols had the largest contiguous land-based empire.

What was the significance of the Industrial Revolution in Song Dynasty China?

Song Dynasty China experienced an Industrial Revolution over 500 years before the British, particularly in iron, steel, and textile production.