Exam 1

Biol 1250

Extracellular Fluid

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cell

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside the cell

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid between cells

Lymph

Fluid in the lymphatic system

Anatomy

Study of the human body

Physiology

Study of body function

Negative Feedback

opposite of the condition/stimuli and more common

Positive Feedback

Strengthens or reinforces the effects of a stimulus

Correct Anatomical Position

Entire body facing forward, hands facing outward

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Frontal Plane

Cutting body into front and back

Sagittal Plane

Cutting body into right and left

Transverse Plane

Cutting body into superior and inferior

Dorsal Cavity

Cavity on the back side of the body

Ventral Cavity

Cavity on the front side of the body

Axial Region

Anterior cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, upper limb, hand, foot, lower limbs

Appendicular Region

Posterior upper limb, hand, lower limb, foot, cephalic, cervical

Cranial Cavity

Cavity in the head contains brain

Thoracic Cavity

Cavity in the chest contains heart and lungs

Pericardial Cavity

Cavity around the heart

Pleural Cavity

Cavity around the lungs

Abdominal Cavity

Cavity containing the stomach / digestive system organs

Pelvic Cavity

Cavity containing the pelvis

Cutaneous Membrane

Skin, provides protection

Mucous Membrane

Lines body openings, provides protection and lubrication (anus, mouth, nose, urethra)

Serous Membrane

Lines organs, lubricates

Synovial Membrane

Lines joints, lubricates

Peripheral Proteins

receptor enzyme, cytoskeleton anchor, or cell identity marker

Transmembrane Proteins (integral proteins)

Proteins attached to the lipid bilayer / channels or carriers

Passive Transport

Transport without the use of ATP, high to low

Diffusion

Go through phospholipid bilayer, O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins. Passive transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules with an integral protein

Active Transport

Transport that requires ATP, going from low to high

Primary Active Transport

Integral proteins against gradient using ATP

Secondary Active Transport

Integral proteins against gradient using ATP

Simple Diffusion

Molecules moving down their concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules with an integral protein, passive transport moves calcium, potassium, amino acids

Isotonic Solution

Solute and water on both sides are equal

Hypotonic Solution

Concentration of solute is lower inside the cell, causes cell to swell

Hypertonic Solution

Concentration of solute is higher than inside the cell, causes cells to shrink

Cotransport

type of active transport uses SYMPOTER molecules move each other in the same direction

Countertransport

type of active transport which molecules move each other in the opposite direction uses ANTIPORTER

Exocytosis

Process of secreting contents

Endocytosis

Process of cells engulfing substances, 3 types which are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated

Phagocytosis

Cell eating, solid material is taken in to form a vacuole

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking, vesicles form around a liquid

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Form of pinocytosis that uses receptor protein

Tight Junctions

Prevents certain molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue

Adhesive Belt Junctions

Anchor junctions that attach to microfilaments and bind to adjacent cells

Gap Junctions

Passageway between two adjacent cells, function in intercellular communication

Epithelium

Avascular tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, function is to protect, secrete, absorb, diffuse, filtrate, and sensory reception

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues together

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Tissue for diffusion and filtration, located in LUNGS and KIDNEYS

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Tissue for secretion and absorption, located in kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Ciliated

located in fallopian tubes, lining of small bronchi, DIGESTIVE TRACT

Simple Columnar Nonciliated Epithelium

located in digestive tract and gallbladder, stomach and small intestine

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Tissue for protection, located in the epidermis

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Tissue for protection, lines body openings, MUCUOUS ANUS MOUTH

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Tissue for secretion of mucus, located in trachea and upper respiratory, TRACHEA

Transitional Epithelium

Tissue that allows organs to stretch, located in URINARY BLADDER or URETERS

Exocrine Glands

Glands with ducts that secrete to the surface

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Areolar Connective Tissue

Tissue for protection and cushion, located in vessels and lines internal organs

Adipose Connective Tissue

Tissue for insulation and energy storage, located in hypodermis

Reticular Connective Tissue

Tissue for support, located in spleen and tonsils

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Tissue for stretch resistance, located in tendons and ligaments

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Tissue that allows for stretch, located in dermis

Elastic Connective Tissue

Tissue that allows for recoil, located in major blood vessels / external ear

Blood

Fluid tissue responsible for transportation, regulation, and protection, inside blood vessels

Albumin

Plasma protein that maintains blood pressure, prevents loss of water

Globulins

Plasma proteins that transport lipids and antibodies, carriers and transport

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein responsible for blood clotting

Neutrophils

White blood cells responsible for phagocytosis, 50-70%

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that fight infectious organisms, 20-40%

Monocytes

Phagocytic white blood cells, 2-8%

Eosinophils

White blood cells that secrete histamines, 1-4%

Basophils

White blood cells that help with inflammation and allergies, 0.5-1%

Platelets

Thrombocytes, Cellular fragments responsible for blood clotting, cellular origin is megakaryocytes

Integumentary System

System responsible for protection, sensation, and regulation of body temp, blood reservoir, production of vitamin D, excretion

Sebaceous Gland

Gland that creates sebum to collect dirt and soften hair

Sudoriferous Gland

Gland that secretes sweat which is made up of waste products, co2, h20

Nails

Hard keratinized part of the epidermis, protects tip of fingers and toes

Compact Bone Tissue

Hard outer portion of bones, Diaphysis and composed of OSTEONS

Spongy Bone Tissue

Porous interior of bones, found in EPHYSIS composed of trabeculae

Osteoblasts

Cells that create bone cells

Osteocytes

Cells that maintain bone cells

Osteoclasts

Cells that destroy bone cells

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone

Epiphysis

Ends of a long bone

Metaphysis

Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone

Periosteum

Outer covering of a bone

Endosteum

Inner lining of a bone

Red Bone Marrow

Tissue responsible for blood cell production

Yellow Bone Marrow

Tissue responsible for fat storage

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone forms directly, ex: skull, facial, jaw

Endochondral Ossification

Bone replaces cartilage, ex: all other bones

Interstitial Growth

Growth from within causing an increase in length

Appositional Growth

Growth on the surface causing an increase in thickness

Bone Remodeling

Process of replacing old bone with new bone