HIST FInal Study Guide

Barbarian

• People who were considered uncivilized

• Outside of settlements

• Didn’t transition into agriculture

• Steppe people

Dark Age

• 1200 BCE - 900 BCE?

• Bad times in New Kingdom Egypt but survived - desert barrier form sea people

• Famine, migration, warfare, drought, trade severed, earthquakes

• Sea people

• Decline of state and bureaucracy - didn’t get enough taxation

• Ugarit and Mycenean cultures collapsed

Agricultural Revolution

• 10,000 BCE - fertile crescent

• agriculturalits, pastoralists, hunter-gatherers

• population growth

• end of Ice Age

• domestication

• specialization efficiency

• ran out of large mammals to hunt

Hellenization

• to make greek

• alexander the great - 4th century

• egypt, persia, syria

Mandate of Heaven

• A Chinese philosophical concept that justified the ruler's power as a divine force blessed them

Arabization

The adoption of Arabic language and culture by people in conquered non-Arab regions.

Silk Road

• east to west

• kept up by nomads - resistant to disease

• Han wudi - 130 bce - opens silk road

• carvan city oases stopping points

Justinian Plague

• Justinian - Byzantine emperor

• Constantinople- Mid-6th century

• Earliest form of bubonic plague

• Led to rebellion in the city

Asceticism

• Technology of the body

• Self-discipline and avoidance of indulgence

• Goal is apatheia - release from emotion

Gilgamesh

• Problem of death

• substance of a good life

• making humans human

  • The wild(hunter-gatherers), the place of the sheep-pin(nomads/pastoralists), the city (agriculturalists)

  • Enkidu becomes human by having sex and eating

• civilization - cities and kings (moving to agriculture)

• Struggle with the divine and nature

  • Refusal of Ishtar’s advances

  • slaying of the bull of heaven

  • Can’t accept death

  • The slaying of Humbaba - cutting the divine cedar forest

• Friendship

Uruk

• References to Gilgamesh

• Inhabitants focused more on specialized professions

• Origin of writing (3500 BCE)

• The first true city

Empire

• Centralization surrounding a singular point(power)

• Common language, religion, goods, political systems, military

• imperial ideology

• breeding ground for technological advancements in warfare - siege engine

Ashoka

• Mauryan Empire - Ancient India

• mid 3rd bce

• Against violence

• Missionary king - converted to Buddhism
  

Han Empire

• 206 bce

• Close relationship between imperials and highly literate scholars

• Large administration

• Tension between Confucianism and Daoism

• Tension between patricians(worked land) and merchants(worked trade)

• Important women should be kept hidden

Qin Empire

• Late 3rd bce

• Ying Zheng

• Centralized bureaucracy at an unprecedented scale

• Huge armies and crossbows

• Agriculture boom

• Peasants in infantry- Siege tactics of digging under walls/scaling walls- Began the great wall
  

Roman Empire

• Was first a republic - spread of political violence-

• Augustus was the first emperor - 31 bce to 14 ce-

• Established a principate where he was the princeps - first citizen

• Divided into provinces

• Lots of slaves from wars- hierarchy of slaves

Arabs before Islam

• Many were nomads

• Jews and Christians

• Main nexus of trade by land and sea - camel

• Only some farmable land

Abd Al Malik

• Umayyad caliph

• 7th century

• Islamic currency

• Arabization of government - needed to speak arabic

• Dome of the rock

• Change of road signs

Umayyads

• 661 - 750 ce

• people of the book - jews and Christians that share similar practices as muslims

• People of the book had dhimmi status where they were protected but had certain restrictions

• had to pay jizya tax for protection
  

Abbasids

• 750 ce

• Fought against their second-tier status

• Heart of empire moved more east

• Beginning of classical age of islam

Paper

• China 200 bce

• Made out of dried hemp

• accepts/keeps ink
  

Agricultural improvements in Europe

• Improvements in crop yields, harnesses, plows, and crop rotations

• three field crop rotations

• Plows designed for muddy soil

Aksum

• Ethiopia 1st-9th century ce

• Kingdom deeply connected to the broader Mediterranean and East Asia

• Conversion to Christianity in 4th century

• Christian warfare against arab jews
  

The camel

• expansion of Islam

• 3rd millennium BCE in Somalia

• for milk and meat at first- only need little water and eat shrubs

• infertile and fragile

The saddle

• South arabian saddle - 1200 CE - not rigid enough - carrying goods

• North Arabian saddle 500 BCE - military use

Humors

• Black bile

• Blood

• Yellow bile

• phlegm

Medicine and astrology

• Body governed by humors

• Planets and stars related to organs and humors

• Zodiac signs linked to different parts of the body

• Bloodletting scheduled by phases of moon and planets

Medieval dissection

Galen emphasized dissection for anatomical knowledge needed for diagnoses

Norte Chico

• peru - 3200 bce

• Built pyramids

• Used gourds not pottery

• Built theaters and temples

• Seats made out of whale bones

• Based of fishing and maritime resources more than agriculture

Moche civilization

• 100-800 ce - peru

• Monumental culture - pyramids

• No writing expressed in metalwork/pottery

• no iron age in america
  

Olmec civilization

• mesoamerica - 1500 -1400 bce

• Grew rubber

• 3 sister technology + fish + turtle + small game

• Rituals of blood - elite men and women to unseen agents

• sacred ball game - sacrifice losing team

Teotihuacan

• 1st c. bce to 6th c, ce

• Birthplace of the gods

Mayan

• First writing system

• Bloodletting to the gods

• Book of community

Incan Empire

• 13th - 16th

• coast of South America

• Developed a series of roads

• pastoralists(camel/llama) to agriculturalists

• Jerky - freeze-dried alpaca/llama meat - food for the mobile
  

Aztec Empire

• mid 15th to early 16th

• 25 million

• 3 sister

• even farther north

• missipian culture

The three sisters

• 7000 bce for corn, 1500 for olmecs

• mesoamerica

• same spot - corn(structure for beans to climb), beans(fix Nin soil), squash(covers ground)

Silk Production

• Elite luxury good

• Bred silkworms eat mulberry leaves, harvest the cocoon they make for silk threads

• Chinese government secret

Silk Road Missionaries

• Xuauzang - stops at every Buddhist shrine along silk road - gave silk - collectedrelics, literature, drew maps

• Mani - founded Manicheanism - dualistic religion - spread quickly from spain to china - text and shrines were burned - alopen spread to tang first major expansion

Song Dynasty

• 960 ce

• Period of cultural growth and tech innovation

• Largest cities in the world

• Fire warfare from gunpowder

• Fell to the mongols
  

Gunpowder weapons

Fire lances, flaming arrows, bombs, rockets

Genghis Khan

• Unites all the mongols - very organized

• Mongol Empire - cavalry

• late 12th to early 13th

• Ruthless things for revenge-

• Adopted local customs
  

Kublai Kahn

• late 13th century

• Expands empire to vietnam, cambodia, korea

• conquered song

• Interest in administration and culture of song dynasty - cultural integration

East to west movement of tech

Paper and printing, compass, gunpowder, silk facilitated by silk road

Late medieval plague

• Italian merchants after a battle mongols

• Originated in the central steppe

• Fleas of rats, air via bodily fluids, yersinia pestis

• Little Ice Age - 1310 in western europe caused dryness in steppe region -migration of steppe - had immunity - carried rats with their things

• Bubos - boil/bump clustered around lymph nodes

• Mongols lost mandate of heaven - social uprising - red turban movement in China

• 25-65%

Rabban Sauma

• 13th

• Monk to ambassador

• Leaves China to head west

• Deliver letter to pope in rome containing alliance proposal against Islam
  

Ibn battuta

• 12th century

• Travels to see islamic world from north africa and what non-muslims doing

• Farthest traveler of pre modern world

Marco Polo

• md 13th - early 14th

• Started in the holy land

• Served as a diplomat fo the Mongols appointed by Kublai Kahn

• Imprisoned after being caught up in Italian battle - wrote his findings
  

Christopher Columbus

• mid 13th century

• Italian explorer - voyages across the atlantic

• discovery of the americas

Tech of warfare

• Gunpowder

• fire warfare in the Song Dynasty around 960 ce

• decline of traditional warfare like cavalry

• weapons like fire arrows, boms,and rockets

• rise of the Mongols and siege warfare

• THe silk road moved gunpowder from the east to the west

• rise of gunpowder empires like the ottoman

Tech of agriculture

• The three sister technology

• corn, beans, and squash together in the same spot

• corn would grow tall and provide structure for the beans to climb that fixed nitrogen into the soil

• squash covered the ground help keep the soil moist and protect against othersIn

• 1500 bce by the olmecs in Mesoamerica

• sustain civilizations like the olmecs and aztecs

• highly efficient with land and crop yields.