apworld key terms unit 4

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type

to paper using ink; movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450; used to print the German

Bible during the Protestant Reformation

Divine Right

The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.

Indulgences

The selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church which was commonly used to

raise money; was a large flaw that Martin Luther and other Reformationists used as evidence of

the Church’s corruption.

Encomienda System

The system that gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to

make them labor; in exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American

people and convert them to Christianity.

Middle Passage

The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North

America and the West Indies; was plagued with sickness and terrible conditions.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns

unified the country under his family's rule; abolished during the Meiji Reformation.

Joint Stock Company

An international trade company made up of a group of shareholders,

each of which would contribute some money to the company and receives some share of the

company's profits and debts.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the

spice trade in the East Indies.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of the political,

social, and economic life in India during more than 200 years of imperialism.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and

power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought;

very centrally planned economy that extracted raw resources from colonized countries to produce

goods in homeland.

Viceroys

Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

Peninsulares

Spanish-born people who came to Latin America and ruled other people;

considered highest social class.

Haiku

A japanese form of poetry, consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five

syllables.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and

focused on human potential and achievements.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 17th and 18th century that advocated the use of reason in

the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Elizabethan Era

The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in Renaissance England from

1558 to 1603

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone

suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Thirty Years’ War

A Central European war that started as a result of the Catholic Holy Roman

Empire imposing Catholicism on Protestant European countries, but ended up becoming secular;

marked the overall end of violence resulting from the Protestant Reformation

Leonardo Da Vinci

An artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary during the Renaissance Era;

mastered the art of realistic paintings and attempted to capture the art of humans.

Johannes Gutenberg

A 15th Century German printer who was the first in Europe to print using

movable type and the first to use a press.

Machiavelli

A former politician during the Renaissance Era who wrote The Prince: a work on

ethics and government that argued politicians should engage in evil when politically necessary

and outlined how rulers could maintain power

William Shakespeare

English poet and playwright during the Renaissance (1564 - 1616) who

was considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar,

Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet

Sir Isaac Newton

A leading figure in the Scientific Revolution who defined the laws of motion

and universal gravitation and used them to predict the motion of stars and planets around the sun.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of

navigation and directed voyages

that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

John Locke

A 17th century English Enlightenment philosopher who opposed the Divine Right

of Kings; asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Voltaire

An 18th century French philosopher during the Enlightenment who believed that

freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government; spoke out against the corruption

of the French government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Christopher Columbus

A Spanish explorer who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492

while searching for a faster trade route to India

Hernan Cortes

A Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico during

the late 15th century.

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas during the late 15th

century

Kongo and Angola

African kingdoms that were converted to Christianity and participated in

the lucrative trans-Atlantic slave trade with Portugal.