NAT101: The Cellular Basis of Life

True

True

The General Principle of Cell Theory

• The cell is the basic unit of life

• All organisms are made up of cells

• Cells came from pre-existing cells

False

The General Principle of Cell Theory

• The cell is the basic unit of life

• Not all organisms are made up of cells

• Cells do not came from pre-existing cells

Cell

The smallest unit of life that can carry all the functions of a living thing.

True

The size, shape, and structures of the cells are very diverse.

False

The size, shape, and structures of the cells are not diverse.

True

There are different kinds of cells, and these are:

• Nerve Cell

• Bacterium

• Muscle Cell

• Plant Cell

• Red Blood Cell

• Egg Cell

True

Living things may be either unicellular or multi-cellular.

False

Living things are multi-cellular only.

True

Bacteria are one type of unicellular organism.

False

Bacteria are one type of multi-cellular organism.

True

Most of the organisms you are familiar with are multi-cellular.

Nerve Cell

A long nerve cell that can carry messages from your spine to your toes.

True

The longest cells are very thin nerve cells of large animals.

False

The longest cells are very thick nerve cells of small animals.

Fracture

A _ is a break or a crack in a bone. It occurs when force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can structurally withstand.

Closed fracture (Simple Fracture).

The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.

Open Fracture (Compound Fracture)

Refers to a broken bone that causes an open wound or break in the skin

Bacterium

The smallest cell about 8000 of the smallest bacteria that could fit inside one of your red blood cells.

Muscle Cells

Long, slender muscle cells that are grouped together from long, slender muscle tissues.

True

The contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue is responsible for movement.

False

The contradiction and relaxation of muscle tissue is responsible for movement.

True

The Parts of the Cells are:

• Plasma Membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

• Chromosomes

• Nucleolus

• Ribosomes

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Golgi Apparatus

• Mitochondria

• Lysosomes

• Cytoskeleton

False

There are Different Kinds of Cells, and these are:

• Plasma Membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

• Chromosomes

• Nucleolus

• Ribosomes

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Golgi Apparatus

• Mitochondria

• Lysosomes

• Cytoskeleton

Major Regions of the Cell

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Cell Membrane

False

The Major Regions of the Cell are

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

Cell Membrane

Regulates the movement of water, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

A semi-fluid substance made primarily of water and organic compounds.

True

Various structures (organelles) are suspended in the cytoplasm.

Nucleus

Found at the center of the cell.

True

The cell nucleus contains the cell’s DNA.

The Chromosome Keeper

Often called the “Control Center of the Cell”, the nucleus contains most of the cell’s genetic material.

Nuclear Envelope

Often called the “Control Center of the Cell”, the nucleus contains most of the cell’s genetic material. It is surrounded by a double membrane called __.

Chromosomes

Most of the cell’s genetic information is kept in distinct structures. The nucleic acid in __ carries the genetic information.

True

All organisms have a definite number of chromosomes.

False

All organisms have an indefinite number of chromosomes.

Trisomy 13 Patau Syndrome

• Cleft lip or palate

• Clenched hands (with outer fingers on top of the inner finger)

• Close-set eyes - eyes may actually fuse together into one

• Decreased muscle tone

• Extra fingers or toes

• Hole, split, or cleft in the iris

• Low-set ears

• Mental r-word severe

• Scalp defects (missing skin)

• Small eyes, head, and lower jaw

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and the where identifying structure of the nucleus called ribosomes are formed.

Ribosomes

Found inside the nucleus and the where identifying structure of the nucleus called __ are formed.

True

There are many organelles inside of the cell - small structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of the cell.

True

Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.

Protein assemblers

Mitochondrion

Often referred to as the power plants of the cell.

Lysosomes

Are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials.

True

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The site of protein synthesis.

• Manufactures new cell membranes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Makes lipids

• Processes carbohydrates

• Modifies chemicals that are toxic to the cells

Golgi Complex

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum; for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.

Golgi Apparatus Function

The__ is analogous to the finishing and packing room in a factory. Once the ribosome finishes manufacturing a protein in the rough ER, the protein needs to be prepared for use or export. Special enzymes will trim off any extra amino acids, and then the unfinished protein moves through channels in the smooth ER.

True

Eukaryotic cells have a wide variety of distinct shapes and internal organizations.

True

Cells are capable of changing their shape, moving organelles, and in many cases, move from place to place.

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells have a wide variety of distinct shapes and internal organizations. Cells are capable of changing their shape, moving organelles, and in many cases, moving from place to place. This requires a network of protein filaments placed in the cytoplasm known as the ___.

Actin Filaments; Microtubules

The two most important protein filaments are called the _ and the _.

False

The two most important protein filaments are the pork and the beef.

Actin

The _ is responsible for contraction (like in muscles).

Microtubules

The _ are for structural strength.

Cilium

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

Cilia

Slender protuberances that project from the much larger, cell body.

Flagellum

A tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells, and functions in locomotion.

Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, and Large Vacuoles

The structures that can’t be found in an animal cell but present in all plant cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

• These cells are in the domains Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

• These are cells without true nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells

• These are cells with true nucleus

• They have a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA and other structures called organelles that perform specific functions.

Components: Plasma Membrane with sterols

Prokaryotes: No

Eukaryotes: Yes

Components Flagella

Prokaryotes: Sub-microscopic in size

Eukaryotes: Microscopic in size usually 20 microtubules

Components: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Prokaryotes: Absent

Eukaryotes: Present

Components: Golgi Complex

Prokaryotes: Absent

Eukaryotes: Present

Components: Ribosomes

Prokaryotes: Present

Eukaryotes: Present

Components: Lysosomes

Prokaryotes: Absent

Eukaryotes: Present

Plant Cell Wall

• The relative rigidity of the cell wall renders plants sedentary.

• Provides a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other nutrients.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis.

Capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called _.

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell.

The Large Vacuole

• Storage of water

• Store minerals

• Store nutrients

• Repository for protein.