Anatomy Lab Practical

Basically the review slides in notecard form

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective tissue

What are the three functions of blood?

Transportation, defense, and maintenance of homeostasis.

What are the three layers of blood?

Plasma, buffy coat, and RBC layer

what are red blood cells called?

Erythrocytes

What is the name for white blood cells?

Leukocytes

What does hematocrit measure?

Measures the percent of RBC’s

What is the structure of a RBC

* small
* a biconcave disc- plump outside, thin middle

Why is the size and shape of RBC’s important?

* High SA to Volume ratio- important for gas exchange
* Discs can stack - can go through narrow vessels
* discs can bend and flex entering small capillaries

What are the five types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

What ones are granulocytes vs agranulocytes?

Granulocytes- the phils

agranulocytes- the cytes

Neutrophils

* most abundant
* multilobed nuclei
* phagocytize pathogens and debris
* Pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules

Eosinophils

* bilobed nucleus
* Red cytoplasmic granules
* kill parasitic worms
* role in allergies and asthma

Basophils

* least abundant
* lobed nucleus
* large blue/purple cytoplasmic granules
* release histamine and contain heparin

Monocytes

* U/kidney shaped nucleus
* Gray/blue cytoplasm
* largest WBC
* develop into macrophages and phagocytize debris and pathogens

lymphocytes

* Spherical/indented nucleus
* Pale blue cytoplasm
* most immune response, direct cell attack

Platelets

* Cytoplasmic fragments containing granules
* stain in deep purple
* seal small tears in blood vessels, instrumental in clotting

What are the 4 basic blood types (no positives or negatives)

A, B, AB, and O

Is Rh pooling an indication of + or - blood?

\+ blood type

What blood types can receive what blood?

A- receive A and O (can donate to A and AB)

B- receive B and O (Can donate to B and AB)

AB- receive all blood (can donate only to AB)

O- only O (Can donate to all blood types)

Pericardium

* around the heart
* contains 2 layers, fibrous and serous pericardium

Parietal vs. Visceral pericardium

* parietal -outer wall
* visceral -inner wall

Blood flow through the heart

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta

what are the three blood flow circuits?

Coronary

Pulmonary

Systemic

Order of cardiac action potential

1. SA Node
2. AV node
3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
4. Bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers

SA Node

initiates atrial depolarization

AV Node

conduction system is delayed

P wave (what happens)

Atrial depolarization (deflection from atrial depolarization)

QRS complex

Atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization

T wave

Ventricular repolarization

ECG/EKG what does it stand for?

What does one waveform show?

Electrocardiogram

One waveform= one heart beat

Baroreceptors

respond to changes in blood pressure

Chemoreceptors

respond to concentration of chemicals

What leads to cardioinhibitory center stimulation?

BP increase

Increase in O2, pH

Decrease in CO2

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle during one heart beat

Cardiac output

Heart rate x Stroke volume

amount of blood pumped out in one minute

Systole

Contraction

Diastole

Relaxation

EDV

End diastolic volume

amount of blood that collects in ventricle during diastole

ESV

End systolic volume

amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction

Pulse Pressure

Systolic - Diastolic blood pressure

When are AV valves open? When are they closed?

Open- during filling and atrial contraction

Closed- Isovolumetric contraction, Ejection, and Relaxation

SL valves, when are they open? When are they closed?

Open- ventricular ejection

Closed- during filling, atrial contraction, isovolumetric relaxation and contraction.

Lub sound, what causes it?

Closing of the AV valves

Dup sound, what causes it?

Closing of the SL valves

How is blood pressure measured?

Systolic/Diastolic

5 auscultation sites?

1. Aortic area
2. Pulmonic area
3. Erb’s point
4. Tricuspid area
5. Mitral/apex area

what is used to measure blood pressure manually?

Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

Where are the 7 points you can take a pulse?

1. temporal
2. carotid
3. brachial
4. radial
5. femoral
6. Dorsalis pedis
7. Posterior tibial