FINALS ETHICS

Topic 19 20

Utilitarianism

• is a normative ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences.

• This principle is often summarized as “the greatest good for the greatest number.”

• promotes impartiality, requiring individuals to consider everyone's happiness equally when making moral decisions.

utility

• It holds that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest overall happiness or "______“ for the greatest number of people.

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

• Utilitarianism — The theory is most closely associated with philosophers ____________and _____________.

John Rawls

• an American political philosopher, wrote A Theory of Justice to propose a new way of thinking about justice in society—challenging utilitarianism and other classical approaches.

• His theory aims to ensure fairness and equality, especially for the least advantaged members ofsociety.

• believed utilitarianism could permit unjust outcomes for minorities or disadvantaged groups.

protecting individual rights and structuring society in a way that no one is left behind.

What does John rawls insist on?

Justice

• referes to the principle of moral rightness and the upholding of laws and ethical standards.

• It is about ensuring that people receive what they are due, whether it’s punishment, protection, or benefits, according to the law or moral reasoning.

Distributive, Procedural, Retributive, and Restorative

What are the 4 types of justice?

Distributive Justice

• Fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and wealth.

Procedural justice

• Fairness in the process and rules used to make decisions.

Retributive Justice

• Fair and proportionate punishment for wrongdoing.

Restorative Justice

• Repairing harm caused by wrongdoing, often through reconciliation.

Fairness

• is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination, favoritism, or bias.

• It’s often seen as a moral standard for treating others equally and with respect.

Giving people what they need, not necessarily the same thing.

Listening to different perspectives

Applying rules consistently and transparently

Fairness may involve?

Social Justive

• is equal justice to wealth, opportunities, and privileges within society.

• Hence, _________ is equivalent to the promotion of the common good.

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, Universal Health Care Act, Katarungang Pambarangay, Free Tertiary Education Act, Magna Carta for Persons with Disability, Indigenous People’s Rights Act, Social Pension Program for Indigent Senior Citizens, and TESDA Skills Training Programs

What are the Government programs anchored on the principle of social justice?

Taxation

• is the process by which a government collects money from individuals, businesses, and other entities to fund public goods and services.

• It is a mandatory financial charge imposed by the state under the authority of law.

Taxation, Social Justice

• _______ is a key instrument of _________ because it enables government to redistribute wealth, fund public services, and reduce inequality.

• It plays both a practical and ethical role in promoting fairness and equal opportunity in society.

building a more just and equitable society.

• Taxation is not just a financial obligation—it is a tool for _________________.

dignity, access opportunities, and participate meaningfully in national life.

• Taxation allows the state to ensure that no one is left behind and that everyone has the chance to live with ________________.