Cvs204 exam 1

What is the pericardium?

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

How many mL does the pericardium contain?

10-50mL

What are the AV valves?

tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

What are the semilunar valves?

pulmonary and aortic

What will you not visualize when obtaining the PSLA view?

The apex of the heart

What is the R ventricle outflow tract also called?

Conus Arteriosus and infundibulum

What is the infundibulum also referred to as?

Right ventricle outflow tract

What is the conus arteriosus referred to as?

Right ventricle outflow tract

What type of blood does the SVC receive and from where?

Deoxygenated blood and from the upper body

What type of blood does the IVC receive and from where?

Deoxygenated blood and from the lower body

electrical flow of the heart

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

SA Node bpm range?

60-100bpm

AV Node bpm range?

40-60 bpm

Purkinje fibers bpm ?

20-40 bpm

Does the SVC, IVC, & CS drain oxygenated blood into the right atrium?

No, deoxygenated blood

Where does the coronary sinus come from?

Myocardial veins

What valve is open during diastole?

mitral valve

What valve is open during Systole?

aortic valve

What has a slight depression known as the fossa ovalis?

Central portion of the interatrial septum (IAS) in the adult heart

The central portion of the (IAS) in the adult has a ? And is known as?

Slight depression & fossa ovalis

Blood flow through the heart

SVC/IVC/CS, RA, TV,RV, PV, PULMONARY TRUNK, LUNGS, (gas exchange), 4 pulmonary veins, LA, MV, LV, AV, Aorta, Bod

Is the L ventricle most posterior to the heart?

No, it's the L atrium

Where is the moderator band located?

RV

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

Prevents overstretching of RV

What is the pouch called behind each coronary cusp?

Sinus of valsalva

What is the sinus of Valsalva?

Pouch that is behind each coronary cusp

What is the R side of heart circulation?

Pulmonary circulation

What type of blood is the pulmonary circulation and where is the blood going to?

Deoxygenated blood going to the lungs

What is the L side of the heart's circulation?

Systemic circulation

What type of blood does systemic circulation carry and where is the blood going to?

Oxygenated blood going to the body

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

Who delivers the electrical impulses from the SA node to the LA?

Bachman's

Where does the purkinje fibers deliver impulses from?

Bundle branches to the ventricular walls

What NEVER happens in regard to valves?

The aortic and mitral valve are open

What is at the end of each aortic cusp?

Arantius nodule

What does the arantius nodule do?

Helps support and prevent leakage of blood

Three layers of the heart

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Three arteries coming directly off the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic, LCCA, Left Subclavian Artery

What is the brachiocephalic also known as?

Innominate artery

What does ECG measure?

electrical activity of the heart

Where does the myocardium receive its blood supply from?

coronary arteries

What type of blood does the myocardium receive from the coronary arteries?

Oxygenated

What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?

oxygenated blood

Which are the 4 pulmonary veins?

2 L and 2 R

Which is the grounded EKG lead?

R leg

What does the grounded lead prevent?

Prevents pt from being shocked

Is the P wave Atrial depolarization or repolarization?

Atrial depolarization

Is the T wave ventricular depolarization or repolarization?

Ventricular repolarization

Is the U wave purkinje fibers repolarization or depolarization?

Purkinje repolarization

what does depolarization mean?

contraction or systole of the heart

what does the pericardium prevent?

friction

What is atherosclerosis?

fatty plaque build-up within the arteries

how many coronary cusps are there?

3; R & L and non-coronary cusp

what is crista supraventricularis?

thick muscle that separates the RVIT from the RVOT

RVIT

Right ventricular inflow tract

what does the RVIT do?

where blood enters the RV from the RA and allows proper closer of the tricuspid valve when ventricular systole occur

RVOT

right ventricular outflow tract

what does the RVOT do?

ventricular tachycardias

where is the most anterior chamber of the heart found?

RV

how many cusps does the pulmonic valve have?

3

what are the name of the pulmonic valve cusps?

anterior, right posterior, and left posterior

What is the Thebesian valve and where is is found?

rudimentary (basic) valve that is located at the opening of the coronary sinus

S1 sound

Closure of AV valves (Mirtal & Tri) and when ventricles contract

S2 sound

Closure of the semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonic)

S3 sound

ventricular gallop

S4 sound

atrial gallop; NEVER good; it is a sign of ventricular stress

when does S1 occur in an ekg reading?

occurs at the beginning of systole at the onset of QRS complex

QRS complex represents?

ventricular depolarization (contraction)

which is softer and longer, "lub" or "dub"?

lub

how long is the S1 split if heard?

0.02 sec

does the R valve close before the L valve?

no, L valve always closes before the R valve

When does S2 occur on an EKG?

at the end of the T wave

when is the S3 sound normal?

children, young adults, athletes

When is the only time S4 occurs?

if atrial contraction takes place

What are one of the things that causes strokes heart related?

strokes

no P wave = ?

no atrial contraction

What are 90% of MI due to?

Coronary Artery disease

gallop

S3 or S4 or both, resulting in a sound pattern that resembles a running horse

what artery does the main blockage happen?

Left Anterior descending artery (LAD)

QT interval

ventricular depolarization and repolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

ST segment

ventricular systole; this is used to determine ischemia, injury, or MI

electrolytes used for the heart

Na

K

Ca

Stroke Volume?

the amount of blood that the heart pumps

what are chest leads also called?

precordial and vector leads

standard limb leads are also known as?

bipolar limb leads

what is masked by the QRS wave?

atrial repolarization

Lead I

RA (-) to LA (+)

Limb II

RA (-) to LL (+)

Limb III

LA (-) to LL (+)

Are augmented leads bipolar or unipolar?

unipolar

aVR ?

Heart to RA

aVL?

heart to LA

avF?

heart to LL

when ischemia is present, what would happen to the ST segment?

it would be depressed

when an MI takes place, what would happen to the ST segment?

ST segment would be elevated

what are the 3 "I" sequence of MI?

ischemia

injury

Infarction

ventricular septal defect

A hole in the interventricular septum

systolic murmurs

aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurgitation

diastolic murmurs

Aortic/pulmontic regurgitation

Mitral/tricuspid stenosis