Embryology Final (Concept Assessments)

best of luck besties this licherally starts from week 1

Clinically oriented embryology:

Bridges the gap between prenatal development and obstetrics, perinatal medicine, pediatrics, and clinical anatomy, Develops knowledge concerning the beginnings of life and the changes occurring during prenatal development, Builds an understanding of the causes of variations in human structure, Illuminates clinically oriented anatomy and explains how normal and abnormal relations develop

Most visible changes occur during what period of development?

3-8 weeks

In what year was the first "test tube baby" born?

1978

Which of the following common birth defects arise during the embryonic period?

Neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, cleft lip

How long does the entire process of spermatogenesis take?

2 months

What is the rate of early spontaneous abortion for all conceptions?

45%

All of the following are extraembryonic structures that form during the 2nd week except:

notochord

What is the hormone that is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast?

hCG

Oogonia divide by mitosis during:

early fetal life

Morphologically abnormal sperm may cause:

infertility

Most infant deaths are caused by birth defects. T/F

True

During the embryonic period, the differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occurs and the rate of body growth increases. T/F

False

Understanding causative relationships between embryology and development is essential for educating parents and families with regards to etiology and especially to dispel parental feelings of guilt regarding birth defects. T/F

True

When a woman begins the 14th week of pregnancy, this marks the beginning of the fetal period. T/F

False

At 10 weeks gestational age, genitalia have male/female characteristics and are fully formed. T/F

False

The timing of events during meiosis is the same between the 2 sexes. T/F

False

The second meiotic division is similar to mitosis except that the cells are haploid. T/F

True

Nondisjunction [mostly] occurs at the 1st meiotic division. T/F

True

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division at fertilization. T/F

True

The division of cytoplasm is equal in spermiogenesis and oogenesis. T/F

False

The presence of a corpus luteum cyst on an early pregnancy ultrasound is a finding that should concern a clinician and is related to adverse outcome. T/F

False

Freshly ejaculated sperms are able to fertilize an oocyte. T/F

False

Although fertilization can occur in other parts of the uterine tube (normally happens in the ampulla), it does not occur in the body of the uterus. T/F

True

PGT-A can be employed with IVF to improve the likelihood of a successful transfer/implantation/pregnancy. T/F

True

There is enough detectable hCG by the end of the 2nd week of pregnancy to give rise to a positive pregnancy test.

True

Explain the concept of confined placental mosaicism.

Confined placental mosaicism is when chromosomal abnormalities occur only in the placenta. Mulitple genes may be altered and found in the placenta.

The sedative that was prescribed to pregnant women in the 1960s that resulted in severe limb.

Thalidomide

_______ is the teratogen that was documented as the first time that concrete evidence was presented that showed that a developing fetus could be adversely affected by an environmental factor (1941).

Rubella

The chromosomal constitution of a sperm that would result in a male embryo if it fertilizes an oocyte (ovum) is…

23 Y

______ # sperm(s) that result from one primary spermatocyte.

4

#of oocyte(s) that result from maturation of primary oocyte.

1

__________ is a commonly screened for genetic disorder that is associated with congenital absence of the vas deferens, amongst other symptoms.

cystic fibrosis

_________ is another term for "yolk sac", which actually contains no yolk in humans.

umbilical vesicle

Describe utility of PGT for couples undergoing fertility treatment. Name 2 conditions that PGT could potentially detect.

PGT may be useful for couples trying to see the chances of chromosomal abnormalities in specific sexes and which chromosomal abnormalities. For example, trisomies and monosomies may be identified for the couple who got a PGT.

Inferior position is

foot

Caudal position is

also foot

Dorsal position is

back, spinal cord area

Anterior position is

front of body

Posterior position is

also back

Cranial position is

top of head

Ventral position is

front of body

Sagittal plane is

cross-section tallwise

Lateral plane is

cross-section of width wise

Transverse section is

looking at bottom of width cross-section

Frontal/coronal section is

a cross of the side view

Median section is

cross from tall-wise from bottom