Kinesiology Midterm

Range of motion

Arc of motion available at a joint, resulting from the joint structure and surrounding soft tissue

Passive range of motion (PROM)

Arc of motion when moved by an outside force

Active range of motion (AROM)

Arc of motion when movement occurs from muscles acting on the joint

Active assistive range of motion

Arc of motion when moved initially by muscles but completed by an outside force

Protraction, retractions

Scapular (protraction/retraction) is also known as abduction, scapular (protraction/retraction) is also known as adduction

Upward rotation, downward rotation

Identify the movements occurring in A and B of the scapula

Initiation

What stage of movement is someone in when they must lean forward (anterior weight shift) in order to stand up, transferring their center of gravity over their feet?

Sagittal plane, frontal axis

Flexion and extension occur in the ______________ plane around the ___________ axis.

Frontal plane, sagittal axis

Abduction and adduction occurs in the ___________ plane around the __________ axis

Transverse plane, vertical axis

Rotations occur in the ____________ plane around the _____________ axis

Contractility

______________ (contractility/irritability/extensibility/elasticity) refers to a muscle's ability to develop tension

Irritability

______________ (contractility/irritability/extensibility/elasticity) refers to a muscle's ability to receive and respond to stimuli

Extensibility

______________ (contractility/irritability/extensibility/elasticity) refers to a muscle's ability to stretch

Elasticity

______________ (contractility/irritability/extensibility/elasticity) refers to a muscle's ability to return to its original shape

Passive tension

tension applied to load when a muscle is stretched but not stimulated, has more to do with elastic properties

Active tension

Tension due to muscle contraction

Concentric; eccentric

__________ contractions occur when the internal strength of the muscle is greater than the external force, ___________ contractions occur as the muscles lower with control.

Isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length; occurs when internal and external forces are equal to each other

Law of intertia

The law of ___________ states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by an external force

Law of intertia

Which of newton's laws explains why you need to wear a seatbelt?

Law of acceleration (F=ma)

The law of ___________ explains why an object begins to move and why an object with a higher mass will require increased force to maintain the same speed as an object with lower mass.

Action-reaction

The law of ___________ explains why as a person jumps upward on a trampoline, the trampoline goes down - every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Internal force; external force

____________ _________ comes from within our bodies and provides stability and movement, while ___________ _____________ occurs outside of the body and includes gravity, friction, pressure, and resistance

Tensile force (pulling)

Force applied in perpendicular directions, pulls tissues apart; occurs as a joint moves as the tendon transfers force from muscle tissue to bone

Compression force (pushing)

Force applied in perpendicular directions; can press bones together; weight bearing, gravity, external load

Bending

Force applied in one direction; results in on side being convex and one side being concave

Shear or torsion

____________ and ___________ are forces that occur in two directions

Shear

Deformation results from parallel forces that are internal and in an angular direction

Torsion

act of twisting; stress due to twisting forces exerted on a body

Torque

The ability of any force to cause rotation around an axis (? = Force x Moment Arm)

Easier (greater torque), harder (less torque)

The longer the moment arm, the ________ it is to move the part. The shorter the moment arm, the __________ it is to move the part.

Joint, muscle

In the human body the axis is the fixed point which the motion rotates around, called the ___________ and the effort is the force produced by the ____________

Moment arm; resistance arm

The ____________ arm is the distance between the force/effort and the axis; the _____________ arm is the distance between the resistance and axis

First class lever

Axis is located between the exerted force/effort and the resistance

Second class lever

Resistance is in the middle; with the axis at one end and force at the other; strong mechanical advantage; large amount of weight can be moved by a smaller force

Third class lever

Exerted force/effort is in the middle with resistance and axis at opposite ends; most common lever in the body; good for speed and distance

False - measure AROM then PROM if needed

When measuring ROM you first measure PROM and then AROM

Firm end feel

___________ end feel occurs when there is tension in the joint but with a slight give such as when trying to touch your toes

Hard end feel

_____________ end feel occurs when bone contacts another bone such as in elbow extension

Capsular end feel

A hard, leatherlike limitation of motion that has slight give; slightly soft

Spasm

An end feel that results in tissue response from harsh movement in the opposite direction

Springy

End-feel: some hard rebound at the end of ROM

Empty

End-feel: occurs when there is no "feel" because the client asks to stop due to pain

3 trials

To measure strength you must perform ____ trials and average them

20 lbs

average grip strength required for most ADLs

Shoulder adducted, wrist neutral, elbow flexed

The shoulder should be __________, the wrist should be __________, and the elbow should be ___________ to measure grip strength with a dynamometer

Tip pinch

Pinch used to pick up and hold small objects with thumb opposed to the end of the index finger forming a circle shape (e.g., picking up a pin)

Lateral pinch

Pinch gauge presented in line with forearm with dial facing up. Client pinches the gauge between pad of thumb and radial side of middle phalanx of index finger such as when holding a key

Palmar pinch

Pinch gauge presented on its side at 45°. Held between pulp of thumb and pulp of index and middle fingers. Client pinches meter between pad of the thumb and pads of index and middle finger; forming an oval shape

ROM testing

What should be done prior to manual muscle testing

True

T/F? MMT should be done all in one position when possible

Proximally, distally

When performing manual muscle testing remember to stabilize ____________, and apply resistance ________________

3/5 - full AROM without added resistance

Grading to start with for MMT

5/5

MMT: Full AROM, maximal resistance

4/5

MMT: full AROM, moderate resistance

4-/5

MMT: Full AROM, less than moderate resistance

3+/5

MMT: Full AROM, minimal resistance before it breaks

3/5

MMT: Full AROM, unable to take added resistance

3-/5

MMT: less than full AROM, but greater than half AROM against gravity

2+/5

MMT: Full ROM in GE plane and takes minimal resistance

2/5

MMT: full ROM in GE plane with no added resistance

2-/5

MMT: less than full ROM in GE plane

1/5

MMT: Trace - feeling or seeing small amounts of muscle activity without motion

0/5

MMT: no movement or tension

Latismus dorsi and teres major

The _______________ and _____________ muscles are called the handcuff muscles because they are responsible for internal rotation and shoulder extension

T3

Vertebral landmark for the spine of the scapula

T7

The ______ vertebrae lines up with the inferior angle of the scapula

T12

Vertebral landmark for the end of the ribcage

Posterior superior iliac spine

The S2 vertebrae lines up with the ____________ _____________ __________ ____________

Iliac crest

The L4 vertebrae is the bony landmark for the ____________ ___________

Cervical - convex/lordosis

Thoracic - concave/kyphosis

Lumbar - convex/lordosis

Sacral - concave/kyphosis

The cervical spine is (concave/convex)

The thoracic spine is (concave/convex)

Lumbar is (concave/convex)

Sacral is (concave/convex)

*also think about lordosis and kyphosis curves

Transversospinalis

The ______________ group of the cervical spine is responsible for rotation of the cervical spine and are deep muscles

True

T/F? The sternocleidomastoid is involved in all movements of the cervical spine

Trapezius

Responsible for all movements of the cervical spine, huge stabilizer of the neck

Same, opposite, flex

Sternocleidomastoid:

Unilaterally will laterally flex the head and neck to the ____________ side and rotate the head and neck to the _______________ side.

Bilaterally will __________ the neck and assists in elevating the rib cage for inhalation.

False - rotation also occurs at this level

T/F? The movements involved at the thoracic spine level are flexion/extension and lateral flexion

Latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

Protracts/abducts

The Serratus anterior _____________ the scapula

Thoracic

The ___________ spine protects vital organs and is involved in respiratory function

Hamstrings

Muscles that impact the lumbar spine

Lumbar spine

The _________ spine keeps the head in alignment with the pelvis and is involved in body mechanics during lifting

Sagittal

Pelvic tilt occurs in the ___________ plane with the pelvis tilting anteriorly or posteriorly

Frontal

Pelvic obliquities occur in the ___________ plane with one side of the pelvis more superior and the other being more inferior

Rotation

Pelvic ____________ occurs in the transverse plane with one side of the pelvis being more anterior or posterior

In anterior pelvic tilt, there is forward rotation of the pelvis, increased lumbar lordosis, and increased extension of the upper trunk

In anterior pelvic tilt, there is (backward/forward) rotation of the pelvis, increased lumbar (lordosis/kyphosis), and increased (flexion/extension) of the upper trunk

In posterior pelvic tilt, there is backward rotation of the pelvis, a flattening of the lumbar spine, and increased thoracic flexion.

In posterior pelvic tilt, there is (backward/forward) rotation of the pelvis, a flattening of the lumbar spine, and increased thoracic (flexion/extension).

Pelvis

When assessing posture, first assess the ___________, then move up in the body checking for symmetry and alignment

Core

The ___________'s primary job is the support and protect the spine and ensures proximal stability for distal mobility. It can be impacted by muscle strength, pelvis and spine malalignments, cognitive abilities, and cardiovascular health

Stability

Ability to maintain control over the position or movement of your body

Base of support (BOS)

Areas of contact between person, supporting surface, and all of the intervening areas; the larger the distance between the points of contact the better

Center of gravity (COG)

A point where all your body mass is equalized, as the weight distribution changes, this will migrate in proportion to direction and magnitude of movement

Open chain position

Movement which occurs distally because the proximal segments are stabilized; typically involves isolated joint movement; often seen in non-weight bearing positions

Closed chain position

Movement occurs proximally because distal segments are stabilized; the distal end of the limb is fixed; usually involves multiple joints moving together; often seen in weight bearing positions

Clavicular notch

Identify 1

Jugular notch

Identify 2

Manubrium

Identify 3

Sternal body

Identify 4

Anterior side

What side of the scapula is the subscapular fossa on? (Anterior/Posterior)

Xiphoid process

Identify 5

Acromion

Identify 1