unit 9: urinary system (copy)

functions of the urinary system

regulate aspects of homeostasis and eliminate waste products

list two aspects of homeostasis

water balanced and acid-base balance in the blood

waste products

nitrogenous wastes, toxins, and drugs

what are the major structures of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and the renal arteries/veins

produce urine as a result of carrying our the major functions of the urinary system

kidneys

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

ureters

temporary storage reservoir for urine

bladder

excrete urine from bladder out of the body

urethra

deliver blood to the kidneys for processing

renal arteries

carry blood away from the kidneys

renal veins

where do the renal blood vessels enter/exit the kidney?

the hilum

the ureters are ______ with the renal pelvis

continuous

where to the ureters enter the bladder from?

the posterior aspect of the bladder

the ureters run behind what sturcture?

the periotoneum

what aids peristalsis in urinary transport?

gravity

how long is a moderately full bladder?

about 5 inches long

how much urine does a moderately full bladder hold?

about 500 mL

triangular region of the bladder base

trigone

where are the openings of the bladder?

two from the ureters and one to the urethra

what surrounds the neck of the bladder in male anatomy?

the prostate gland

what are the layers of the urinary bladder wall?

detrusor layer and mucosal layer

detrusor muscle

three layers of smooth muscle

what tissue is the mucosa made of?

transitional epithelium

T or F: the bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

true

T or F: the bladder expanding significantly increases internal pressure

F

what method of movement is used by the urethra

peristalsis

what controls the release of urine?

the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

involuntary smooth muscle

internal urethral sphincter

voluntary skeletal muscle

external urethral sphincter

which is longer, the female urethra or the male urethra?

the male urethra (by about 15 cm)

where is the female urethra located?

next to the wall of the vagina

where is the male urethra located?

through the prostate and penis

how many functions does the female urethra have?

one; carrying urine

how many functions does the male urethra have?

two; carries urine and a passageway for sperm cells

where are the kidneys located?

against the dorsal body wall (between the T12 and L3 vertrbrae)

which kidney is slightly lower and why?

the right kidney is slightly lower because of the position of the kidney

outer region of the kidney

renal cortex

inner region of the kidney

renal medulla

inner collecting tube of the kidneys

renal pelvis

medial indentation where the ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney

renal hilium

what surrounds each kidney?

the renal capsule and fat

outer layer of the renal capsule that holds the kidney in place and divides the fat that surrounds the kidney into two layers

renal fascia

position of kidney changes and drops in the body cavity because of a loss of perineal fat

nephroptosis

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

renal pyramids

extensions of cortex-like material inward that separate the pyramids

renal columns

cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

calyces

how much of the body’s total blood volume passes through the kidneys each minute?

25%

path of boodflow through the kidneys? (arsia cage pcairi)

aorta, renal artery, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent, peritubular capillaries, cordical radiate vein, arcuate, interlobar, renal, inferior vena cava

structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for forming urine

nephron

knot of capillaries that force fluid and small solutes our of the blood and into the glomerular capsule under high pressure

glomerulus

beginning of the renal tubule and encloses the glomerulus

glomerular capsule

which layer of the glomerular capsule has foot processes that form part of the filtration membrane? what are those foot processes called?

visceral layer; podocytes

which layer of the glomerular capsule acts as an outer impermeable wall?

parietal layer

low-pressure capillaries that are adapted for absorption instead of filtration

peritubular capillary beds

path of filtrate through the renal tubule (gp cnd)

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

what is the site of the tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion?

renal tubule

where do the distal convoluted tubules empty into?

the collecting duct

what renal structure receives urine from nephrons and delivers it to the calyces and renal pelvis?

collecting duct

what are the two types of nephrons?

cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

what type of nephrons are located entirely in the cortex and make up the majority of nephrons?

cortical nephrons

what type of nephron is found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla and plays an important role in concentrating urine?

juxtamedullary nephron

what are the four basic renal processes?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

which renal process moves from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule?

filtration

which renal process moves from the renal tubule to the peritubular capillaries?

reabsorption

which renal process moves from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule?

secretion

which renal process moves from the renal tubules to outside of the body?

excretion

how is urine formed? (gf tr ts)

through glomerular filtration, and tubular reabsorption, then tubular secretion

what substance contains everything that blood plasma does?

filtrate

what substance is what remains after filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions?

urine

what substances that aren’t needed does urine contain (name 2)

nitrogenous wastes and drugs

why is urine yellow?

urochrome pigment

what is the normal pH of urine?

6

what is the normal range of specific gravity in urine?

1\.001 to 1.030

what are some substances normally found in urine (name 3)?

sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate ions, etc.

what solutes are NOT normally found in urine (name 3)?

glucose, blood, rbcs, hemoglobin, wbcs, bile, etc.

high blood sugar levels; diabetes mellitus

glycosuria

increased protein levels; hypertension or pregnancy

proteinuria

excessive production of ketones; diabetes mellitus

ketonuria

irritation of urinary tract and blood in urine; kidney stones or UTI

hematuria

excess hemoglobin in urine; hemolytic anemia

hemoglobinuria

excess nitrates in urine; UTIs

nitrituria

excess bilrubin in the urine; liver damage or hepatitis

bilrubinuria

pus in the urine; UTI or gonorrhea. WBCs

pyruria

functional kidney

functional kidney (section)

kidney carcinoma

mammalian ureter

female mammalian urethra

collapsed bladdder

distended bladder

Glomerular Filtration is Selective?

A non-selective process in Urine Formation that separates based purely on size.

Glomerular Filtration

Water and solutes smaller than Proteins or Blood cells are forced through capillary walls into the renal tubule. One second its blood then it goes under high pressure and then its filtrate.

Tubular Reabsorption

Water, Glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate and into the tubular cells to then enter the capillary blood

Tubular Secretion

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatine, and some drugs are removed from peritubular blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate.

Tubular reabsorption happens before Tubular Secretion?

No, they happen at the same time

Reabsorption is equally passive and active?

No, Reabsorption is mostly active and has some passive.

The solutes that travel by secretion (active)

* hydrogen ions
* potassium ions
* drugs
* creatine
* penicilin

Solutes Reabsorbed by active transport (out)

* NaCl
* glucose
* amino acids
* bicarbonate (only in the distal tubule)

Solutes reabsorbed by passive transport (out)

* Bicarbonate (only in proximal tubule)
* Water
* NaCl (ascending limb)
* Urea (collecting duct)

Glomerular Filtration rate

uses inulin to measure the rate at which the glomerulus filters solute from the plasma as inulin can only be filtered and not secreted or reabsorbed. Can detect kidney disease.

125 mL/min.