Medcerts Lesson 2

Anatomy

The study of body structure and its parts

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Pathology

study of disease

Disease

An abnormal, harmful state in which the body is not functioning normally

diagnosis

identification of a disease

symptom

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

sign

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

CT

computed tomography

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

H&P

history and physical

History

Verbal recount from patient and their symptoms

Physical

Actual physical exam by healthcare provider

CC

chief complaint or reason why patient came to the provider

HPI

history of present illness (the story of the symptoms)

ROS

review of systems

PFSH

past, family, or social history gives context to patients history

Gross anatomry

Larger structures seen with human eye

Microscopic Anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, use microscope

Surface anatomy

exterior features

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Regional Anatomy

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Cutology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Physiology

study of the function of the body (the what, where, when, why, how of things happening in the body)

Principle of Complementarity

structure reflects function, anatomy and physiology are inseparable

Standard Anatomical Position

standing upright, head faces forward, arms at sides, palms face forward, thumbs pointed outward, feet flat, toes pointing forward

body planes

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides, exactly on midline

parasagittal plane

not on midline

frontal or coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse plane

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Directional Terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

anteriror

towards the front

Cranial

toward the head

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Distal

farther from the body's core

Dorsal

toward the back

Inferiror

below

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Medial

toward the midline

Posterir

Closer to the back of body

Proximal

Closer to body's core

superficial

near the surface

Superior

above, higher

Ventral

toward the front of the body

Regional terms

designate specific areas within body divisions, adjectives relating to a defined structure or area

Abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

Brachial

pertaining to the arm

Cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

Cervical

pertaining to the neck or cervix

Cranial

relating to the skull or cranium

Dorsal

pertaining to the back

Femoral

pertaining to the femur

Humeral

pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)

Lumbar

Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

malleolar

Pertaining to the malleolus (process on each side of the ankle).

Nasal

pertaining to the nose

Pelvic

pelvis region

Radial

pertaining to the radius

Spinal

pertaining to the spine or spinal cord

Tracheobronchial

pertaining to the trachea and bronchi

Veetebral

Relating to vertebra

Pathophysiology

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

Structural disease

A harmful structure, something you can see

Functional disease

A functional change, something that changes in the body that we cannot see

localized disease

disease confined to one area of the body

Generalized disease

Disseminated/spread throughout many parts of the body (Septicemia)

Acute disease

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

chronic disease

a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time

Manifestations

Events, signs, symptoms that clearly show an indication of an ailment, disorder or disease

Syndrome

A group of signs and symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition

Structural diseases

Structural changes to organs or tissues (lesions), lesions maybe visible or invisible

Functional diseases

No apparent lesions or visible indicator, ex. migraines, diabetes, hypertension. They can turn into structural diseases over time

exogenous

Disease causing agents acting from outside the body

Physical causes

Force, heat, cold, electricity, pressure, radiation

Chemical causes

Chemicals (acids/bases), poison, drug reactions

Microbiologic causes (pathogens)

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites (Protozoa, worms)

Trauma

wound or injury

Endogenous causes

Arise from the inside of the body

Vascular causes

Obstruction, bleeding, altered blood flow

Metabolic causes

Deficiency/abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, water

Immunologic causes

Acquired and congenital immune deficiency, allergy, autoimmune diseases

diagnosing disease

Through physical examination to confirm symptoms described

History

Patient's story of what's been going on and why he/she came into the clinic

Purpose of screening

Identify people at risk for certain diseases (pre-diabetic conditions), catch diseases early to improve chances of healing (pap smear, PSA), and diagnose asymptomatic diseases to treat early (high BP)

A1C test

for diabetes by checking sugar on red blood cells to get an average glucose level over several months

Blood pressure control

High blood pressure

chest x-ray

Lung cancer

Colonoscopy

Cancer of the colon/rectum

complete blood count (CBC)

Anemia, leukemia

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Cancer of colon/rectum

Mammography

breast x-ray for diagnostic screening, breast cancer

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes

Pap smear test

Cervical cancee

PSA test

prostate cancer test

Serum lipids (esp. cholesterol)

Hypercholesterolemia